Objectives: To evaluate the effects of diffused lavender on the frequency of behavioral issues [BIs], defined as a composite of restlessness/wandering [RW], agitation [AGT], anger [ANG], and anxiety [ANX] in an adult day care center. Secondary objectives evaluate systematic differences on the frequency of BIs between age cohorts, gender, and individual behaviors. Design: Pre-post quasi-experimental study. Setting: Private nonprofit adult day care center for patients with dementia. Participants: Elderly patients older than 65 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of dementia, who require daytime monitoring. Intervention: Lavender aromatherapy twice a day for 20 min during a two-month period during active clinic days. Measurements: Behavioral issues were recorded using the behavior/intervention monthly flow record during the pre- and post-intervention periods. Results: There was no significant difference on frequency of BIs between pre-intervention and post-intervention periods (p = .06). There was a significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention total number of AGT occurrences (129 vs. 25; p value < .01). There was no significant difference between age cohorts for computed difference of RW, ANG, and ANX issues. There was a significant difference between age cohorts for computed difference of AGT (p value = .04) as the 70–85 age cohort showed less agitation compared to the 85–100 age cohort. Conclusion: The use of diffused lavender twice daily has shown to reduce the frequency of agitation in elderly patients with dementia, especially in the 70–85 age cohort. Though diffused lavender did not show statistical differences in the frequency of other behaviors (restlessness/wander, anger, anxiety), the study population may have been too small to find a difference.

Note: These figures are rounded up or down to the nearest 1,000. Those for the Spanish and Dutch empires, and China, are likely underestimates. Johan Heinsen supplied figures for Scandinavia, Minako Sakata for Japan and Matthias Van Rossum for the Dutch VOC. The Japanese statistics only include transportations to Hokkaido, and not the earlier shipment of convicts to offshore islands. The VOC figures are based on an average of 100 long-distance transportations per year, from 1595 to 1811, and 1,500 per year, from 1816 to 1942. Estimates of USSR gulag transportations depend on which categories of deportations are included in the figures. As such, they range from 10 million persons (Sarah Badcock and Judith Pallot in this volume) to 25 million (Crockett, 'Russia'). Mary Gibson provided the estimates for mobile penal labour in Europe (pre-1914 1.5 million; 3.5 million during and after the Second World War). There are large gaps in our knowledge of European bagnes and agricultural colonies. Where statistics do exist, they are often fragmented and represent the standing number of inmates in a particular year, rather than annual admissions. The European figures do not include the 3 million prisoners shipped to death camps and killed immediately. Neither does the table include the forced migrations of the First World War, the foreigners compelled to work in the Nazi death camps or Japan's forced deportations of Koreans and Chinese during the Second World War.

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