rofacial clefts-cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only-are among the most common congenital anomalies in the United States and the world. 1,2 Children born with orofacial clefts may experience significant long-term health sequelae, including dental and speech pathologies and stigmatizing appearance differences, even after reconstructive surgery. 3,4 Ample research has explored the multifactorial etiology of orofacial clefts, including disparities in incidence across populations. [5][6][7] Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple populationspecific genetic loci that may predispose individuals to nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. [8][9][10][11][12] The risks of cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only also vary across different racial/ethnic groups, with lowest frequencies in African-derived populations and highest in Asians, in general. 6 Maternal factors (such as exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol, and anticonvulsants) and nutritional deficiencies
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