Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are two of the best-characterized cell survival factors in hematopoietic cells; these factors induce an increase in Akt activity in multiple cell lines, a process thought to be involved in cellular survival. It is known that growth factors require sustained glucose metabolism to promote cell survival. It has been determined that IL-3 and GM-CSF signal for increased glucose uptake in hematopoietic cells. Interestingly, receptors for IL-3 and GM-CSF are present in several non-hematopoietic cell types but their roles in these cells have been poorly described. In this study, we demonstrated the expression of IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors in HEK293 cells and analyzed their effect on glucose uptake. In these cells, both IL-3 and GM-CSF, increased glucose uptake. The results indicated that this increase involves the subcellular redistribution of GLUT1, affecting glucose transporter levels at the cell surface in HEK293 cells. Also the data directly demonstrates that the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway is an important mediator of this process. Altogether these results show a role for non-insulin growth factors in the regulation of GLUT1 trafficking that has not yet been directly determined in non-hematopoietic cells.
A 33-year-old woman presented with fulminant eosinophilic myocarditis requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a retroperitoneal mass that was eventually diagnosed as a pheochromocytoma. This case highlights the need for a comprehensive diagnostic workup for acute cardiomyopathy manifesting as cardiogenic shock in young patients and the benefit of early initiation of mechanical support facilitating both diagnosis and recovery.
The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of the built environment on pedestrian accessibility in two neighborhoods in the area of Alemania Avenue, in the city of Temuco, Chile. The methodology integrates three evaluation methods: the method Morpho to explore the morphological conditions that influence walkability; The method developed by Emily Talen to measure walking distance to local services and facilities; and People Following method from Space Syntax theory to evaluate which spatial factors influence the choice of routes and to explore the distance that people walk between their points of interests. Results show that the choice of routes that people take to reach a destination is not defined by the shortest route, but rather by the spatial quality of streets and street frontages. The study suggests that elements such as blind walls, the absence of green spaces and the decrease in the size of sidewalks on streets affects negatively in the choice of routes, and consequently pedestrian accessibility. The article concludes with recommendations for urban planning neighborhoods towards a more sustainable future.
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