Drosophila serves as a playground for examining the effects of genetic mutations on development, physiological function and behavior. Many physiological measures that address the effects of mutations require semi-intact or cultured preparations. To obtain consistent physiological recordings, cellular function needs to remain viable. Numerous physiological salines have been developed for fly preparations, with emphasis on nervous system viability. The commonly used saline drifts in pH and will cause an alteration in the heart rate. We identify a saline that maintains a stable pH and physiological function in the larval heart, skeletal neuromuscular junction, and ventral nerve cord preparations. Using these common assays, we screened various pH buffers of differing concentrations to identify optimum conditions. Buffers at 25 mM produce a stable heart rate with minimal variation in pH. Excitatory junction potentials evoked directly on larval muscles or through sensory-CNS-motor circuits were unaffected by at buffers at 25 mM. The salines examined did not impede the modulatory effect of serotonin on heart rate or neural activity. Together, our results indicate that the higher buffer concentrations needed to stabilize pH in HL3 hemolymph-like saline do not interfere with the acute function of neurons or cardiac myocytes.
Our clinical experience suggests that SG-LAIAs may be a safe treatment option during adolescence in inpatients with psychotic disorders, as well as with DBD. No differences were found in CGAS improvement scores between the three SGA-LAIAs used, although patients on risperidone reported more side effects than those on aripiprazole. Further research is needed so as to evaluate safety and effectiveness of SG-LAIAs in this population.
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