Las especies de la familia Cactaceae habitan en zonas con altas temperaturas, escasez de agua y suelos con déficit de nutrimentos. Esto es el resultado de procesos complejos como adaptaciones fisiológicas y físicas, además de la coevolución con microorganismos endófitos que habitan en los tejidos vegetales con relevante importancia para las plantas, porfacilitar su establecimiento en estratos rocosos, ayudar a la fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico y fósforo a través de bacterias, así como una acción antimicrobiana por parte de los hongos. Los estudios sobre bioprospección de endófitos en las cactáceas aún son escasos, por lo que este trabajo compila la literatura científica sobre bacterias y hongos endófitos en cactus disponible en las bases de datos Dialnet, DOAJ, EBSCO, Google académico, iSEEK, Redalyc, REDIB, Science Direct, SciFinder, SciELO, Springer, Web of Science y Wiley Online Library. La revisión dio como resultado 22 trabajos publicados en un periodo de 33 años, de los que solamente el 36% analiza su bioactividad. Se destaca el uso de los endófitos en la biotecnología, principalmente para beneficio social (fines agrícolas y médicos), así como de conservación.
Mexico is a center of diversification for the Cactaceae family, with 69% of the species recorded as endemic. Certain members of the Cactaceae family have been chemically analyzed to relate their medicinal use with their phytochemistry. Here, the phytochemistry and bioactivity of ethanol extracts of Ferocactus echidne, F. latispinus, and Mammillaria geminispina were evaluated. A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed, detecting the presence of saponins, tannins, cardiotonic glycosides, and sesquiterpene lactones. The presence of nicotinic acid in F. echidne and F. latispinus was identified by GC-MS. Other compounds found in the extracts of these three species were gentisic acid, diosmetin, chlorogenic acid, N-methyltyramide, and hordenine. The antioxidant activity was estimated with the DPPH free radical scavenging test. To determine the toxicity of the extracts, the in vivo model of Artemia spp. was used. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the extract was tested on C6, HaCaT, THP-1, and U937 cell lines, while the inflammatory activity was tested by measuring the secretion of cytokines using macrophage cells. The three species showed different bioactivities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. To the best of our knowledge, the results presented here are the first described for these species.
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