Bone anchors (or suture anchors) are used to provide attachment points for sutures to connect tissue such as tendons or ligaments to bone, and work by engaging a threaded portion-sometimes tapered-to the cancellous and/or cortical bone. Such repair is often needed after trauma, or as part of reconstructive surgery. This paper uses the finite element method to compare the pullout characteristics of one common type of bone anchor in different cancellous bone structures. Finite element models are created by using computed tomography (CT) scans of cancellous bone and building computer-aided design (CAD) models to define the cancellous bone geometry. Orthopedic surgeons will sometimes remove parts of the cortical shell and this paper also examines the mechanical effects of decortication. Furthermore, the importance of the connection between anchor and cortical layer is examined. One of the key outcomes from the model is that the coefficient of friction between bone and anchor determines potential mechanisms of pullout. The stiffness of anchors and the effect of the cortical layer are presented for different pullout angles to obtain the theoretical response. The results show the detailed modeling that includes the micro-architecture of the cancellous bone is necessary to capture the large variations that can exist.
In response to the global drive towards sustainable construction, cross-laminated timber (CLT) has emerged as a competitive alternative to other construction materials. Despite the construction of CLT buildings up to 10 storeys in areas of low seismicity, few multi-storey CLT buildings have been constructed in areas of moderate to high seismicity due to lack of knowledge regarding their performance under lateral loading. Previous experimental studies of the behaviour of CLT wall systems under lateral loading have been limited to replicating the conditions within multi-storey buildings with approximately three storeys, and most wall systems tested replicated ground floor wall systems. To develop an understanding of how taller CLT buildings would behave under lateral loading, for the first time, testing of CLT wall systems replicating conditions within buildings taller than three storeys was undertaken. In this study, wall systems representative of those within a 10 storey CLT building were experimentally tested; an above ground floor wall system was subjected to monotonic lateral load and constant vertical load, with vertical loads replicating gravity loads at storeys within a 10 storey CLT building. The results obtained suggest variable behaviour of wall systems throughout multi-storey CLT buildings, with lateral movement becoming significant at higher storeys.
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