Endothelin releases prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 from guinea pig or rat isolated lungs and endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the perfused mesentery of the rat. Endothelin is also substantially removed by the pulmonary circulation of the rat in vitro and in vivo and by guinea pig lungs in vitro. In the rat, the effects of endothelin on the blood pressure vary from pressor (in pithed rats) to purely depressor in anesthetized rats where the resting blood pressure is high. It therefore 4ias the characteristics of a local pressor hormone, rather than a circulating one.The endothelial cell (EC) is known to release vasoactive substances such as prostacyclin (PGI2) (1) and endotheliumderived relaxing factor (EDRF) (2), recently identified as nitric oxide (3). Release of endothelium-dependent vasoconstrictor factors has been observed in response to various chemical and physical stimuli such as norepinephrine (4), thrombin (4), hypoxia (5, 6), increased transmural pressure (7), and mechanical stretch (8).Masaki and his colleagues (9) have recently characterized from cultures of porcine aortic ECs a 21-amino acid peptide, which they called endothelin (ET). In the chemically denervated rat, porcine ET is the most potent pressor substance yet described, with a long duration of action. They suggested that ET directly activates dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels.We report here that apart from its vasoconstrictor activity, ET can release potent vasodilator substances such as PGI2 and EDRF and is also removed by the pulmonary circulation.MATERIALS AND METHODS Superfusion Bioassay. Spiral strips of de-endothelialized vascular smooth muscle from the rabbit (mesenteric artery, celiac artery, carotid artery, aorta, jugular vein, mesenteric vein) and other smooth muscle preparations (guinea pig trachea, guinea pig ileum, rat stomach strip, rabbit duodenum) were mounted in a cascade (10) and superfused at 5 ml-min-1 with Krebs-Ringer solution containing indomethacin (5.6 ,M). Agonists such as ET (1-50 pmol), bradykinin(1-10 pmol), substance P (1-10 pmol), and angiotensin 11 (1-10 pmol) were injected over the assay tissues.Isolated Lungs. Male Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (300-400 g) or male Wistar rats (200-300 g) were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (Sagatal, 70 ,umol kg-', i.v.) and a thoracotomy was performed. The pulmonary artery and the trachea were cannulated and the lungs were removed and placed in a warm chamber. The lungs were perfused at S ml-min-' via the pulmonary artery with oxygenated (95% 02/ 5% CO2) and warmed (370C) Krebs-Ringer solution (11). The lungs were left to stabilize for 30 min and ET was infused for 3 min at a flow rate of 0.1 ml-min-' to achieve a final concentration of 1 or 10 nM. The effluent from lungs was collected and analyzed by RIA for 6-oxoprostaglandin F1l (6-oxo-PGF1,) and thromboxane (TX) B2 as measures of prostacyclin and TXA2 release (12). The removal of ET was calculated by comparing the contractions of the assay tissues in response to infusions of ET directly over...

Brain injury was reduced in mice lacking a functional NADPH oxidase in both the central nervous system and peripheral leukocytes, suggesting a pivotal role for the NADPH oxidase in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain.

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1 Ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the kidney is associated with a loss of autoregulation, an increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR), a decrease of renal blood flow (RBF) and ultimately acute renal failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the release of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the recovery of RBF after ischaemic injury of the renal vascular bed.2 Anaesthetized rats (thiopentone sodium; 120 mg kg-', i.p.) were submitted to acute renal ischaemia followed by 2 or 6 h of reperfusion (I/R). Reperfusion was associated with a significant reduction in RBF, an increase in RVR, and an impairment of the vasodilator effect of acetylcholine (ACh).3 N0-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 30 iLg kg-' min-, i.v., n = 5) significantly prevented the recovery of RBF after I/R injury. Similarly, inhibition of prostanoid formation with indomethacin (5 mg kg-', i.v., n = 4) significantly enhanced the rise in RVR associated with I/R injury. 4 Infusion of L-arginine (L-Arg; I or 3 mg kg-' min 1, i.v., n = 5 and 4, respectively) or D-Arg (1 mg kg-' min', i.v., n = 6), starting 30 min after occlusion, did not improve the recovery of RBF. Furthermore, infusion of L-Arg (20 mg kg-' min-' for 15 min; n = 4) had no effect on the I/R-induced impairment of the vasodilator responses to ACh. 5 To elucidate the relative importance of the constitutive and inducible NO synthase isoforms for the formation of NO after I/R, calcium-dependent (constitutive) and calcium-independent (inducible) NO synthase activities were measured in kidney homogenates obtained from ischaemic or non-ischaemic kidneys. A calcium-independent NO synthase activity was not detectable in kidney homogenates obtained from either sham-operated control rats or from animals subjected to I/R. Moreover, dexamethasone (3 mg kg-', i.v., 60 min prior to I/R, n = 6), an inhibitor of the induction of NO synthase, had no effect on either RBF or RVR in rats subjected to I/R. In contrast to I/R, lipopolysaccaride (LPS, endotoxin; 5 mg kg-', i.p., n = 3) caused a significant induction of a calcium-independent NO synthase activity in the kidney. 6 These results confirm the importance of the release of vasodilator cyclo-oxygenase metabolites in the compromised renal circulation and indicate that the formation of NO derived from the constitutive, but not the inducible NO synthase, is also important for the maintenance of RBF after I/R injury of the renal vascular bed.