Cryptosporidiosis is an important disease in neonatal calves, causing watery diarrhoea, loss of appetite, and production losses. Dehydration from diarrhoea often results in the calf requiring rehydration or veterinary treatment to prevent calf mortality. Transmission of Cryptosporidium to calves still has some major knowledge gaps, such as the initial source of oocysts ingested by calves and how these oocysts can persist between calving periods. Some studies have examined the role of adult cattle in the transmission of Cryptosporidium oocysts, although these have yielded inconclusive results. In this study, highly sensitive oocyst extraction from faeces and detection techniques, sensitive to 5 oocysts per gram using a 50 g sample, were used to genotype faecal samples from adult cattle and their calves to determine if adult cattle could be a source of Cryptosporidium infection for their calves. On a dairy farm, faecal samples from adult cattle were collected twice per week for 0–3 weeks before calving and from their calves three times per week until they reached 3 weeks of age followed by twice per week until they reached 6 weeks of age. On a beef farm, samples were collected from both adults and calves at a single time point. Faecal samples were examined to compare species and multilocus genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum . Results show that C. parvum was the most prevalent species on both the dairy and beef farms. The calves within each herd appear to have one predominant single multilocus genotype, whereas adult cattle have multiple distinct genotypes. Adult cattle on the dairy farm, tested before calving, in the majority of cases had a multilocus genotype that is different from that detected in their calves. On the beef farm, where samples were taken at the same time, the majority of adult cattle matched the multilocus genotype of their calves. This study shows that adult cattle display a higher diversity of C. parvum genotypes on both farms compared to the calves. The data also represent a detailed longitudinal prevalence study of the shedding profiles and genotype of Cryptosporidium parasites detected in dairy calves from birth to 6 weeks of age.
Background and Aims: The wine industry widely acknowledges that grape heterogeneity exists throughout any given vineyard at the time of harvest. There is a lack of understanding, however, of the effects that heterogeneity has on wine composition and sensory qualities. This study compared the chemical composition and sensory attributes of wines produced using parcels of grapes with known heterogeneity. Methods and Results: Cabernet Sauvignon berries were sorted into maturity classes using five density baths. Winemaking was undertaken with a varying proportion of sorted berries to obtain wines arising from low, moderate and high grape heterogeneity musts, containing the same level of TSS for comparison to a Control wine that represented the inherent heterogeneity of the harvested vines. Wines were distinguished by the concentration of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine, total anthocyanins and total phenolics, with the low heterogeneity wine having the highest values of each measurement. The high heterogeneity wine was characterised by a higher concentration of acetic acid. Principal component analysis of rate-allthat-apply sensory attribute scores revealed that low and moderate heterogeneity wines were characterised by floral and pepper aroma attributes, and the high heterogeneity wine by sour taste. Conclusions: The differing levels of grape heterogeneity had a subtle effect on Cabernet Sauvignon wine colour, aroma and taste attributes, but it was demonstrated that the level of grape heterogeneity could be of relevance if it translated into differences in wine quality and style. Significance of the Study: The potential impact of grape heterogeneity on the chemical composition and sensory profile of Cabernet Sauvignon wine was highlighted.
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