In a Triple Helix framework, independent hybrid organizations can be created at the intersection of overlapping yet separate institutional spheres to address innovation blockages. However, the formation process of these organizations, which incorporate and combine elements from the Triple Helix spheres, has seldom been investigated. We address this gap by proposing a model that conceptualizes the creation process of these organizations. We argue r r n p ns up "b und ry sp " d ff rs fr b und ry line. By comparing empirical results of three cases, we identify a three-step creation process (recognizing a gap; bringing Triple Helix representatives together and creating a consensus; and designing an ad hoc contingent solution). We highlight the individual role of a boundary spanner in these dynamics. The results provide new insights on the micro-foundations of the Triple Helix. They also suggest an extension of "b und ry sp nn r" n p

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This paper investigates the mechanisms through which a cluster policy can enhance entrepreneurship defined as new venture creations. It is based on the sudy of a cluster policy ("BioRegio") that strongly stimulated new firm creations in biotechnology in Germany after 1996. The process induced by BioRegio at the territory-level is analyzed over a 10 year period (1995-2004). The article identifies a three-step social mechanism through which a cluster policy can enhance entrepreneurship. The presented results strengthen the literature on cluster policies and clusters on the specific issue of entrepreneurship: four main contributions are suggested.

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