Bereavement and loss have significant impact on the lives of individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Although there is a growing impetus to define the symptoms of grief that predict long-term functional impairment, little is known about maladaptive grieving among individuals with ID. We examine the literature concerning the phenomenology of traumatic grief (TG) in the general population, along with what is known about the manifestations of grief in individuals with ID. We then apply modern theories of grief and grief resolution to individuals with ID in order to highlight potential areas of vulnerability in this population and to lay the groundwork for interventions that will facilitate their adaptation to loss. We provide a theoretical framework for the proposition that individuals (including children and adults) with ID are more susceptible to TG, based on an increased risk of secondary loss, barriers to communicating about the loss, and difficulty finding meaning in the loss. We conclude that individuals with ID should be considered as potential candidates for targeted bereavement interventions. Further research is required, however, in order to develop population-appropriate measurement scales for testing these hypotheses. Keywords grief; bereavement; intellectual disabilityEarly psychodynamic theories of grief suggest that only those who are capable of understanding the finality of death, and who are able to perform the arduous psychological task of withdrawing emotion from the deceased, will be capable of mourning. [1][2][3][4] Even without a cognitive understanding of death, however, it is possible to notice the absence of a loved one and to react emotionally to that loss. In his formulation of attachment theory, John Bowlby 5-7 provided the first theoretical framework for the proposition that even young children can grieve following the loss of an attachment figure. Since then, studies have confirmed that children react with grief, sadness, and despair to the death of loved ones. 8 Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) have long been considered incapable of griefjust as young children once were. It has been suggested that individuals with ID * do not possess either the necessary capacity to form meaningful relationships 9,10 or the necessary

Preliminary studies of targeted treatment for BPD on college campuses are promising. They suggest that even pared-down interventions have the potential to help students feel better and function better. Experts in college mental health treatment emphasize the importance of gathering data, intervening early, communicating across treatment environments, appropriately marshaling resources, and providing psycho-education. To bring the on-campus treatment of BPD in line with best-practice guidelines, improved diagnostic practices are needed. Disclosing the diagnosis of BPD and educating students about this disorder are simple yet powerful interventions that can set the stage for further treatment and provide symptom relief.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a prevalent psychiatric illness that often first presents at college. If left untreated, BPD can lead to severe disability or fatality. While multiple evidence-based treatments for BPD exist, most are resource intensive and, therefore, difficult to implement at the typical college mental health center. However, general psychiatric management (GPM) is an evidence-based intervention for BPD that can be flexibly implemented in nonspecialized, resource-constrained environments. This principle-driven alternative to more intensive BPD-focused treatments provides a practical framework for treating college students with BPD. The aim of this article is to provide an introduction to the techniques of GPM within the college mental health setting. With a case vignette, we illustrate how GPM techniques might be brought to bear on such a treatment. KEYWORDSBorderline personality disorder; college mental health; evidence-based treatment; general psychiatric management Borderline personality disorder in the college setting Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a complex mental illness characterized by intense, labile emotions, chaotic relationships, impulsive behavior, and an unstable sense of self (5th ed, DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013) that may lead to severe disability or fatality (Gunderson et al.

This paper draws together emerging literature within Geography, and from across the broader social sciences, around contemporary mission and missionaries. It argues for the importance of recognising mission organisations and missionaries not just as historic relics, but as important, active, and geographically far ranging actors in the modern world. In mapping out the little work that has been conducted, three themes are addressed, missionary geopolitics; mission, welfare and development; and transnational migration, religion and cosmopolitanism. The article highlights the potential contributions that a (re)examination of missionary lives, beliefs and praxis can make to these disparate bodies of literature, and calls for further research in these directions within geographical scholarship.