The rates of development of 2 tissues in mammary glands, parenchyma (PAR) and the mammary fat pad (MFP), in response to nutrition in early life might have a major bearing on lifetime milk production. Historical studies reported that feeding greater amounts of dietary nutrients from postweaning to puberty increased growth rates of heifers and stimulated the growth of MFP at the expense of PAR, which might suggest compromised mammary development and future milk production. The current study sought to determine if a higher volume of whole milk (8 vs. 4 L/d) offered to calves would increase rates of growth and development of PAR in mammary glands at weaning (1 to 12 wk). To measure these tissues, we developed 2 simple methods to assess the size of PAR and MFP at the time of screening using ultrasound. We report that calves offered 8 L/d of whole milk had greater rates of growth until weaning (0.86 ± 0.06 vs. 0.81 ± 0.09 kg/d), compared with calves offered 4 L/d. Ultrasonography showed that despite the faster rates of growth in calves offered 8 L/d of milk/d, the ratio of PAR: MFP depth was 40% less at weaning in the front glands (34%) compared with calves offered 4 L of milk/d. Rear glands were less impaired. The ultrasound methods developed here might be useful to monitor the development of mammary glands in response to different nutritional regimens during the preweaning period.
Seven hundred and thirty-nine men aged 40-69 years and 976 women aged 25-69 years (65% of a stratified random sample of the population) answered a validated food-frequenc:y questionnaire focused on carbohydrates and which included questions on breakfast cereal eating and smoking habits. Increased intakes of non-starch pdysaccharide (NSP) in breakfast cereals were associated with higher intakes of NSP from other sources, and also with higher intakes of vitamin C and with less smoking. Insoluble NSP intakes were doubled in people eating bran-enriched cereals regularly. compared with those who did not eat such cereal. The government target for the population of an average NSP intake of 18 g/day was consistently met only by people eating whole-grain or bran-enriched cereals regularly.
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