Background. A community-based study put the prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria at 32.8%. Market workers in Nigeria lead sedentary life style and often depend on salt-laden fast food while at work. Method. An unselected population of market workers were screened for hypertension and its risk factors by a pretested, structured questionnaire, clinical examination, and laboratory investigation. Hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 140 and/or ≥ 90 mmHg or being on drug therapy. Results. Forty-two percent of the screened population were hypertensive. Of this number, 70.6% did not know they were hypertensive before the screening. More males than females (P = .022) were hypertensive. Prevalence of hypertension increased with age from 5.4% in the age group <20 years to 80% in the age group ≥70 years. Conclusion. The prevalence of hypertension in market workers in this study was 42%, and the majority of them were unaware of their disease.

BackgroundThe prevalence of cardio-metabolic syndrome (CMS) is increasing worldwide. In people of African descent, there is higher prevalence of hypertension and complications than other races. Bearing in mind these facts, we looked at the CMS in the general population and the population with hypertension. Using the new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions of CMS, we studied its prevalence in semi-urban and rural communities in South-east Nigeria in relation to hypertension.MethodThis is a cross sectional population based study involving 1458 adults aged from 25 to 64 years. Diagnosis of CMS was based on the new IDF criteria using the anthropometric measurements for Europids as there is none yet for blacks. Hypertension was defined according to the WHO/ISH criteria.ResultsThe overall prevalence of CMS was 18.0% in the semi-urban community as against 10.0% in the rural community increasing to 34.7% and 24.7% respectively in the population with hypertension. The prevalence of co-morbidities - hyperglycaemia, abdominal obesity, and hypertriglceridaemia were 13.9%, 41.1% and 23.9% while in the hypertensive populations they were 21.2%, 55.0% and 31.3% in the general population in both communities combined. Except for low HDL cholesterol, every other co-morbidity was higher in hypertensive population than the general population.ConclusionThe high prevalence of CMS in the semi-urban population especially for the population with hypertension underscores the double burden of disease in developing countries. The lesson is while infections and infestations are being tackled in these countries the non-communicable diseases should not be neglected.

Background. The magnitude of the problem of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is enormous, and the prevalence keeps rising. To highlight the burden of CKD in developing countries, the authors looked at end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, South-East Nigeria. Method. ESRD patients seen from 01/05/1990 to 31/12/2003 were recruited. Records from A&E Department, medical-out-patients, wards and dialysis unit were used. Results. A total of 1001 male versus 537 female patients were reviewed. About 593 male versus 315 female patients had haemodialysis. The mean age was 42.55 ± 15.43 years and 86.5% were <60 years. Primary renal disease could not be determined in 51.6% while hypertension and glomerulonephritis accounted for −17.2% and 14.6%, respectively. Death from renal causes constituted 22.03% of medical deaths. Conclusion. The prognosis for CKD patients in Nigeria is abysmal. Only few patients had renal-replacement-therapy (RRT). The prohibitive cost precludes many patients. This underscores the need for preventive measures to reduce the impact of CKD in the society.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem with increasing prevalence. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) accounts for 8% of all medical admissions and 42% of renal admissions in Nigeria. Screening for CKD facilitates early detection, evaluation, and treatment of CKD. There is a dearth of community-based data on the magnitude of CKD in Nigeria. This was an epidemiological study to define CKD and its risk factors in rural and semiurban communities in Southeast Nigeria. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) 430 kg/m 2 . The metabolic syndrome was evaluated using the National Cholesterol Evaluation Programme Adult Treatment Panel III definition; hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) X140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) X90 mm Hg. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as fasting plasma glucose X7.0 mmol/l or 2-h plasma glucose X11.1 mmol/l. Proteinuria was regarded as significant if 1 þ and above, and hematuria was considered present if positive using urine strips. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the CKD-EPI formula. A total of 2182 respondents aged 25-64 years were screened; 1941 with mean age of 43.7 ± 13.2 years were analyzed. Of this number, 26.1% had hypertension, 5.9% had DM, 10.4% had the metabolic syndrome, 14.9% were obese and 19% had proteinuria and/or hematuria. The prevalence of CKD was 11.4%. This study documented high prevalence of CKD and its risk factors. Routine screening of patients for risk factors for CKD at each contact with the doctor will help to identify early CKD patients who may benefit from preventive measures.

Background: Continental Africa is facing an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD). APOL1 risk variants have been shown to be strongly associated with an increased risk for non-diabetic kidney disease including HIV nephropathy, primary non-monogenic focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, and hypertension-attributed nephropathy among African ancestry populations in the USA. The world's highest frequencies of APOL1 risk alleles have been reported in West African nations, overlapping regions with a high incidence of CKD and hypertension. One such region is south-eastern Nigeria, and therefore we sought to quantify the association of APOL1 risk alleles with CKD in this region. Methods: APOL1 risk variants were genotyped in a case-control sample set consisting of non-diabetic, CKD patients (n = 44) and control individuals (n = 43) from Enugu and Abakaliki, Nigeria. Results: We found a high frequency of two APOL1 risk alleles in the general population of Igbo people of south-eastern Nigeria (23.3%). The two APOL1 risk allele frequency in the CKD patient group was 66%. Logistic regression analysis under a recessive inheritance model showed a strong and significant association of APOL1 two-risk alleles with CKD, yielding an odds ratio of 6.4 (unadjusted p = 1.2E-4); following correction for age, gender, HIV and BMI, the odds ratio was 4.8 (adjusted p = 5.1E-03). Conclusion: APOL1 risk variants are common in the Igbo population of south-eastern Nigeria, and are also highly associated with non-diabetic CKD in this area. APOL1 may explain the increased prevalence of CKD in this region.

Anemia is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and contributes to adverse clinical outcomes. African Americans have a 3-fold increased likelihood of anemia compared with whites. Little is known about the prevalence of anemia of CKD among Nigerians. This study investigated the prevalence of anemia in all stages of CKD and the relationship of anemia to the etiology of CKD. Consecutive predialysis patients in all stages of CKD from 2004 to 2008 at first evaluation in a tertiary hospital renal clinic, and sex and age matched control subjects, were studied. Demographic data, and results of biochemical and hematologic indices cause of CKD were extracted from patients’ records and analyzed using SPSS version 15. All tests were two-tailed, and P<0.05 taken to be statistically significant. Three hundred and sixty-four patients (mean age 44.8±14.8 years) and 143 control subjects (mean age 43.52±12.00 years, P=0.35) were analyzed. Overall 77.5% of CKD patients and 11.9% (P<0.001) of control subjects had anemia defined as hemoglobin less than 12 g/dL. Anemia increased progressively with declining GFR with mean hemoglobin concentration of 12.91±1.35 g/dL, 12.14±1.96, 10.57±2.42, 8.84±2.19 and 7.33±1.74 for CKD stages 1 to 5, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), human immunodeficiency/retroviral disease, collagen vascular disease and chronic pyelonephritis predicted anemia in CKD. Anemia was seen at all stages of CKD and progressed from CKD stage 1 to 5. Anemia was worse in women for all stages of CKD

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims at identifying the prevalence and predictors of CKD in newly diagnosed HIV patients in Owerri, South East Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 393 newly diagnosed HIV-seropositive subjects and 136 age- and sex-matched seronegative subjects as controls. CKD was defined as 24-hour urine protein (24-HUP) ≥0.3 g and/or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 ml/min. Subjects were recruited from the HIV clinic and the Medical Outpatient Department of Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected. Relevant investigations were performed, including HIV screening and relevant urine and blood investigations. The mean age of the HIV subjects was 38.84 ± 10.65 years. CKD was present in 86 (22.9%) HIV subjects and 11 (8.l %) controls. Low waist circumference (WC), high serum creatinine, high spot urine protein/creatinine ratio (SUPCR), high 24-HUP/creatinine Ratio (24-HUPCR), high 24-HUP/osmolality Ratio (24-HUPOR) predicted CKD in HIV subjects. CKD prevalence is high (22.9%) among newly diagnosed HIV patients in South East Nigeria. The predictors of CKD included WC, serum creatinine, SUPCR, 24-HUPCR, and 24-HUPOR.

Background: As kidney function declines, there is a progressive deterioration in mineral homeostasis with disruption of normal serum and tissue concentration of phosphorus and calcium, and changes in circulating levels of hormones-parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol (1,25(OH)2 D), and Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23). Objective: This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of markers of CKD-MBD in pre-dialysis patients. Methods: We evaluated consecutively 168 subjects made up of 85 CKD patients and 83 healthy controls, who were attending the renal clinics and medical outpatient of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. GFR was estimated and serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, PTH, and 25(OH) D levels assayed. Results: The prevalence of various mineral bone disease abnormalities were 70% hyper-phosphatemia, 85% hyper-parathyroidism, and 100% low levels of 25 (OH) D among the patients. Estimated GFR correlated negatively with both serum phosphorus, and PTH. Age of the patients ranged from18-76 years with a male to female ratio of 1.7:1. Chronic Glomerulonephritis (CGN), hypertension and diabetes mellitus caused CKD in 75% of the patients. There was no significant decrease in serum calcium levels of patients compared to controls. The patients did not have pathologically raised alkaline phosphatase, although their mean level was significantly higher than that of the control group. Conclusion: Low 25 (OH) D levels (insufficiency/deficiency), hyperparathyroidism, and hyper-phosphatemia were the obvious markers of CKD-MBD in our pre-dialysis patients. These should be evaluated at presentation in these patients.