The predominant mechanism by which adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) participate to tissue repair is through a paracrine activity and their communication with the inflammatory microenvironment is essential part of this process. This hypothesis has been strengthened by the recent discovery that stem cells release not only soluble factors but also extracellular vesicles, which elicit similar biological activity to the stem cells themselves. We demonstrated that the treatment with inflammatory cytokines increases the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory potential of AMSCs-derived exosomes, which acquire the ability to shift macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype by shuttling miRNA regulating macrophages polarization. This suggests that the immunomodulatory properties of AMSCs-derived exosomes may be not constitutive, but are instead induced by the inflammatory microenvironment.
The purpose of this study is to characterize synovial fluid- (SF-) derived exosomes of patients with gonarthrosis comparing two methods of isolation and to investigate their immune regulatory properties. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been isolated from inflamed SF by polymer precipitation method and quantified by Exocet kit and by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Vesicles expressed all the specific exosomal markers by immunoblot and FACS. After isolation with Exoquick, a relevant contamination by immune complexes was detected, which required further magnetic bead-based purification to remove. SF-derived exosomes significantly stimulated the release of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and metalloproteinases by M1 macrophages but did not influence the expression of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules. In conclusion, we characterized purified exosomes isolated from inflamed SF and demonstrate that purified exosomes are functionally active in their ability to stimulate the release of proinflammatory factors from M1 macrophages. Our data indicate that SF-derived exosomes from gonarthrosis patients play a role in disease progression.
Background and Objective: In Alzheimer disease (AD) inflammation becomes evident throughout the course of the disease. However, the association between inflammation, cognitive impairment, and cerebrospinal biomarkers (Aβ42, t-tau, p-tau181, and Aβ42/p-tau181 ratio) is poorly understood. Methods: A large panel of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor) was analyzed using a multiplex immunoassay in 27 patients with a diagnosis of AD dementia and in 18 control subjects. In a subgroup with available cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, cytokines in serum were correlated with the levels of neurodegenerative CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, t-tau, p-tau181, and Aβ42/p-tau181 ratio). Results: Compared to control subjects, AD patients showed a significant upregulation of IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-17 serum levels. Several cytokines appeared intercorrelated, and IL-10 in particular presented a significant inverse correlation with CFS levels of Aβ42 and the Aβ42/p-tau ratio. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that serum levels of IL-10 may represent a possible peripheral expression of amyloid beta deposition in AD patients.
Objective. Several clinical studies have proposed the infusion of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) as an alternative therapy for joint diseases with inflammatory components, such as osteoarthritis. Indeed, AMSCs are able to stimulate tissue repair through a paracrine activity and the interaction with the inflammatory microenvironment seems to have a critical role. Design. To reproduce the inflammatory microenvironment, AMSCs were exposed to osteoarthritic synovial fluid (SF) for 48 h and the effect of their secretome on differentiation of monocytes (M0) into macrophages M1-like and mature dendritic cells (mDCs) was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of the secretome of AMSCs exposed to SF was evaluated on the T cell population in terms of T cell proliferation and expansion of T regulatory cells (T reg). Results. Our data show that the exposure of AMSCs to SF activates cells and promotes the release of immunosuppressive factors, which induce macrophage polarization of M0 into the M2-like phenotype and inhibit differentiation of monocytes into mature dendritic cells (mDCs). Only the secretome of exposed AMSCs was able to inhibit T cell proliferation and promote T reg expansion. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the microenvironment plays a fundamental role for the development of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of AMSCs.
PurposeTo explore the role of plasmatic platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a marker of cardiovascular risk, in patients with anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL).MethodsPAF-AH activity was assessed in a series of 167 unselected patients screened for aPL in a context of thrombotic events, risk of thrombosis or obstetric complications and in 77 blood donors.Results116/167 patients showed positive results for at least one aPL among IgG/IgM anti-prothrombin/phosphatidylserine (aPS/PT), anti-cardiolipin (aCL), anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) or lupus anticoagulant (LAC), while 51/167 patients resulted aPL-negative. LAC+ patients disclosed higher PAF-AH than LAC-negative (22.1 ± 6.4 nmol/min/ml vs. 19.5 ± 4.1 nmol/min/ml; p = 0.0032), and aPL-negative patients (p = 0.03). Patients presenting positive IgG aβ2GPI disclosed higher PAF-AH than patients with only IgM aβ2GPI-positive antibodies (23.1 ± 7.2 nmol/min/ml vs. 20.1 ± 5.3 nmol/min/ml; p = 0.035), as well as than patients showing only isolated LAC, aCL or aPS/PT (16.9 ± 3.8 nmol/min/ml; p = 0.003).ConclusionsPAF-AH plasmatic activity is particularly up-regulated in LAC+ and in aβ2GPI IgG+ patients, possibly representing an alternative prognostic biomarker for the therapeutic management of APS patients.
PurposeThe introduction of the anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin (aPS/PT) antibodies among the routinely investigated anti-phospholipid (aPL) antibodies led to an improvement in anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) laboratory diagnostic performance; however, their pathogenic mechanism is still substantially undefined. To support clinical data and future inclusion as possible new criteria antibodies, we designed a head-to-head study to directly compare the procoagulant effects sustained in vitro by aPS/PT to those sustained by anti-β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GpI) domain 1-specific antibodies.MethodsBlood donors-derived monocytes and endothelial cells (HUVEC) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) alone or in combination with the IgG fractions isolated from the serum of six APS patients, positive only for aβ2GpI or for aPS/PT antibodies. As control, cells were incubated with LPS plus the IgG isolated from blood donors. Tissue factor (TF) mRNA expression was measured after four hours incubation by real-time PCR. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured in cells supernatant after 16 h incubation by colorimetric assay.ResultsaPS/PT and aβ2GpI IgG antibodies fractions showed comparable ability to enhance LPS-induced TF mRNA expression, either in monocytes and in HUVEC. Compared to LPS alone, we found that NO levels are strongly overproduced in HUVEC treated with LPS plus aβ2GpI and aPS/PT IgG fractions.ConclusionsOur data support the significant and independent role of aPS/PT in the pathogenesis of the thrombotic events in APS patients, possibly adding new light to the therapeutic management of cases characterized by the sole presence of aPS/PT IgG antibodies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13317-019-0113-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Higher BLyS levels identify patients with a more severe disease, characterized by progression despite treatments, possibly representing a factor implicated in the proliferation of the neoplastic cells or in sustaining the neoplastic environment.
BackgroundBelimumab is preliminary found to be effective in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) (1). It was administered in 30 SS patients coming from two Centres (Udine, Italy and Paris, France) (1). The ESSDAI score and the serum levels of rheumatoid factor (RF) and IgM immunoglobulins were significantly affected by this treatment in the long term.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to report the one year follow-up data after the end of the BELISS study in the Italian cohort, in order to further support the benefits of belimumab in SS during treatment.MethodsClinical and laboratory data of 13 SS patients were collected at one year after the end of the belimumab treatment in the BELISS study. Importantly, no immunosuppressors were employed in all these patients after the end of the trial. Statistical comparisons by t-test or Wilcoxon test, were performed between data at month +12 after the end of the study, and data at the beginning and at the end of the trial itself (i.e., week 0 and 52). Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation.ResultsThe ESSDAI score was 8,8±6,9 at baseline, 3,5±3,7 at week 52 (end of the trial) and 7,0±5,7 at month 12 after the end of the trial (baseline vs. month +12, p=0,2; week 52 vs. month +12, p=0,003). Thus, a significant increase in the ESSDAI score was observed between week 52 and month +12 after the end of the trial, with the mean score coming back in the range of moderate disease activity from the low level. RF was 93,7±101,2 IU/ml at baseline, 74,7±74,5 IU/ml at week 52, 174,1±220,3 IU/ml at month 12 after the end of the trial (baseline vs. month +12, p=0,5; week 52 vs. month +12, p=0,008). Thus, a significant increase in RF serum level was observed between week 52 and month +12 after the end of the trial, serum RF almost doubling the baseline level. IgM level was 2456±975,6 mg/dl at baseline, 2173±885,3 mg/dl at week 52, 2381,6±1152,4 mg/dl at month 12 after the end of the trial (baseline vs. month +12, p=0,3; week 52 vs. month +12, p=0,04). Thus, a significant increase in the IgM serum level was observed between week 52 and month +12 after the end of the trial, serum IgM coming back to the baseline level. BLyS level was 1211±429 pg/ml at baseline, 1704±1044 pg/ml at week 52 and 1896±950 pg/ml 12 months after belimumab suspension. Interestingly, BLyS levels were significantly higher even four weeks after the last belimumab infusion (week 52) if compared to baseline levels (p=0,04), and increased 12 months later (baseline vs. month +12 after the end of the trial, p=0,01; week 52 vs. month +12 after the end of the trial, p=0,2). Interestingly, the development of malignant B-cell lymphoma from non neoplastic parotid sialadenitis was observed in two patients two years after the end of the trial in both patients.ConclusionsWorsening in systemic activity and in B-cell biomarkers occurs in SS after the suspension of belimumab, supporting the role of targeting BLyS in SS. A possible control of non malignant B cell lymphoproliferation in SS by belimumab is suggested. A more prolonged therapy w...
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