Although bone marrow is the main source, mesenchymal stem cells have already been isolated from various other tissues, such as the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, peripheral blood and dental pulp. These plastic adherent cells are morphologically similar to fibroblasts and have a high proliferative potential. This special group of cells possesses two essential characteristics: self-renewal and differentiation, with appropriate stimuli, into various cell types. Mesenchymal stem cells are considered immunologically privileged, since they do not express costimulatory molecules, required for complete T cell activation, on their surface. Several studies have shown that these cells exert an immunosuppressive effect on cells from both innate and acquired immunity systems. Mesenchymal stem cells can regulate the immune response in vitro by inhibiting the maturation of dendritic cells, as well as by suppressing the proliferation and function of T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These special properties of mesenchymal stem cells make them a promising strategy in the treatment of immune mediated disorders, such as graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune diseases, as well as in regenerative medicine. The understanding of immune regulation mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells, and also those involved in the differentiation of these cells in various lineages is primordial for their successful and safe application in different areas of medicine.
ObjectiveThis article aimed at identifying the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2
(FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tension and pressure
areas of rat periodontal ligament, in different periods of experimental
orthodontic tooth movement.MethodsAn orthodontic force of 0.5 N was applied to the upper right first molar of 18
male Wistar rats for periods of 3 (group I), 7 (group II) and 14 days (group III).
The counter-side first molar was used as a control. The animals were euthanized at
the aforementioned time periods, and their maxillary bone was removed and fixed.
After demineralization, the specimens were histologically processed and embedded
in paraffin. FGF-2 and VEGF expressions were studied through immunohistochemistry
and morphological analysis.ResultsThe experimental side showed a higher expression of both FGF-2 and VEGF in all
groups, when compared with the control side (P < 0.05). Statistically
significant differences were also found between the tension and pressure areas in
the experimental side.ConclusionBoth FGF-2 and VEGF are expressed in rat periodontal tissue. Additionally, these
growth factors are upregulated when orthodontic forces are applied, thereby
suggesting that they play an important role in changes that occur in periodontal
tissue during orthodontic movement.
Osteopetrosis is a rare inherited disorder characterised by the inability to reabsorb and remodel bone due to an osteoclast dysfunction. An increase in bone mass and density results in severe skeletal malformation and bone marrow failure, which may be fatal. The aim of this study was to report a case of infantile osteopetrosis in a 6-year-old boy, who primarily complained of dental problems. The patient developed an osteomyelitis after a primary tooth extraction. We also reviewed the literature about this genetic bone disease, since the management of dental problems of these patients can be a challenge to the dentist. The diagnosis, clinical and radiographic features and treatment of the case were discussed in this work.
Odontomas are the most common odontogenic tumours of the maxillary bones, characterised by a slow growth and benign behaviour. They are usually small, asymptomatic and diagnosed after routine radiographic examination. The aim of this study was to report a case of a compound odontoma in the anterior maxilla of a 7-year-old girl, which was causing the impaction of the maxillary right central and lateral incisors, as well as the prolonged retention of the corresponding primary teeth. We also aimed to review the literature about these tumours, since they are not part of the dentist's day-to-day clinical practice. The clinical and radiographic features, the diagnosis and treatment of the case were discussed in this work.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.