Radiomics research is rapidly growing in recent years, but more concerns on radiomics reliability are also raised. This review attempts to update and overview the current status of radiomics reliability research in the ever expanding medical literature from the perspective of a single reliability metric of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). To conduct this systematic review, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. After literature search and selection, a total of 481 radiomics studies using CT, PET, or MRI, covering a wide range of subject and disease types, were included for review. In these highly heterogeneous studies, feature reliability to image segmentation was much more investigated than reliability to other factors, such as image acquisition, reconstruction, postprocessing, and feature quantification. The reported ICCs also suggested high radiomics feature reliability to image segmentation. Image acquisition was found to introduce much more feature variability than image segmentation, in particular for MRI, based on the reported ICC values. Image post-processing and feature quantification yielded different levels of radiomics reliability and might be used to mitigate image acquisitioninduced variability. Some common flaws and pitfalls in ICC use were identified, and suggestions on better ICC use were given. Due to the extremely high study heterogeneities and possible risks of bias, the degree of radiomics feature reliability that has been achieved could not yet be safely synthesized or derived in this review.More future researches on radiomics reliability are warranted.
The extensor digitorum communis muscle plays an important role in hand dexterity during object manipulations. This multi-tendinous muscle is believed to be controlled through separate motoneuron pools, thereby forming different compartments that control individual digits. However, due to the complex anatomical variations across individuals and the flexibility of neural control strategies, the spatial activation patterns of the extensor digitorum communis compartments during individual finger extension have not been fully tracked under different task conditions. The objective of this study was to quantify the global spatial activation patterns of the extensor digitorum communis using high-density (7 × 9) surface electromyogram (EMG) recordings. The muscle activation map (based on the root mean square of the EMG) was constructed when subjects performed individual four finger extensions at the metacarpophalangeal joint, at different effort levels and under different finger constraints (static and dynamic). Our results revealed distinct activation patterns during individual finger extensions, especially between index and middle finger extensions, although the activation between ring and little finger extensions showed strong covariance. The activation map was relatively consistent at different muscle contraction levels and for different finger constraint conditions. We also found that distinct activation patterns were more discernible in the proximal–distal direction than in the radial–ulnar direction. The global spatial activation map utilizing surface grid EMG of the extensor digitorum communis muscle provides information for localizing individual compartments of the extensor muscle during finger extensions. This is of potential value for identifying more selective control input for assistive devices. Such information can also provide a basis for understanding hand impairment in individuals with neural disorders.
Background: MRI pulse sequences and imaging parameters substantially influence the variation of MRI radiomics features, thus impose a critical challenge on MRI radiomics reproducibility and reliability. This study aims to prospectively investigate the impact of various imaging parameters on MRI radiomics features in a 3D T2-weighted (T2W) turbo-spin-echo (TSE) pulse sequence for MR-guided-radiotherapy (MRgRT).Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom was scanned using a 3D-T2W-TSE MRgRT sequence at 1.5T under a variety of acquisition imaging parameter changes. T1 and T2 relaxation times of the phantom were also measured. 93 first-order and texture radiomics features in the original and 14 transformed images, yielding 1,395 features in total, were extracted from 10 volumes-of-interest (VOIs). The percentage deviation (d%) of radiomics feature values from the baseline values and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with the baseline were calculated. Robust radiomics features were identified based on the excellent agreement of radiomics feature values with the baseline, i.e., the averaged d% <5% and ICC >0.90 in all VOIs for all imaging parameter variations. Results:The radiomics feature values changed considerably but to different degrees with different imaging parameter adjustments, in the ten VOIs. The deviation d% ranged from 0.02% to 321.3%, with a mean of 12.5% averaged for all original features in all ten VOIs. First-order and GLCM features were generally more robust to imaging parameters than other features in the original images. There were also significantly different radiomics feature values (ANOVA, P<0.001) between the original and the transformed images, exhibiting quite different robustness to imaging parameters. 330 out of 1395 features (23.7%) robust to imaging parameters were identified. GLCM and GLSZM features had the most (42.5%, 153/360) and least (3.8%, 9/240) robust features in the original and transformed images, respectively.Conclusions: This study helps better understand the quantitative dependence of radiomics feature values on imaging parameters in a 3D-T2W-TSE sequence for MRgRT. Imaging parameter heterogeneity should be considered as a significant source of radiomics variability and uncertainty, which must be well harmonized for reliable clinical use. The identified robust features to imaging parameters are helpful for the pre-selection of radiomics features for reliable radiomics modeling.
Purpose:The MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) images on the integrated MRI and linear accelerator (MR-LINAC) might facilitate radiomics analysis for longitudinal treatment response assessment. However, the reliability of MRgRT radiomics features is largely unknown. This study aims to investigate MRgRT radiomics feature reliability acquired using a standardized 3D-T2W-TSE sequence in terms of repeatability, reproducibility, and within-subject feature agreement on a 1.5T MR-simulator and a 1.5T MR-LINAC for prostate cancer (PC). Methods: Twenty-six consecutive PC patients who underwent one MRIsimulator scan and two MR-LINAC scans before dose delivery were retrospectively included. The three MRI datasets were rigidly co-registered. 1023 firstorder and texture radiomics features were extracted with different intensity bin widths for each scan in the manually segmented clinical target volume (CTV) and planning target volume (PTV) by an experienced radiation oncologist. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate feature repeatability between MR-LINAC scans and reproducibility between MRI-simulator and MR-LINAC scans. The within-subject feature value agreements were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis. The impact of inter-observer segmentation on the radiomics feature reliability was also examined based on the second manual segmentation of CTV and PTV by an MRI researcher. Results: Based on the segmentation by the radiation oncologist and the default bin width of 25, 9.6%, 24.1%, 49.6%, and 16.8% of the total 1023 features exhibited excellent (ICC > 0.9), good (0.9 > ICC > 0.75), moderate (0.75 > ICC > 0.5), and poor (ICC < 0.5) repeatability in the CTV, and 9.2%, 26.8%, 50.5%, and 13.5% in the PTV, respectively. For reproducibility, the corresponding feature percentages were 8.9%, 19.7%, 41.9%, and 29.6% in the CTV, and 8.4%, 17.8%, 47.9%, and 26% in the PTV. Feature reliability was not notably influenced by intensity bin width for discretization. BA analysis revealed wide 95% limit-of -agreements and substantial biases of feature values between CTV and PTV and between any two MRI scans. The features even with excellent ICC were still subjected to considerable inter-scan feature variations in each individual subject. The analysis on the second segmentation by the MRI researcher showed insignificantly different feature repeatability and reproducibility in terms of ICC values. Conclusions: Only a small proportion of features exhibited excellent/good repeatability and reproducibility, highlighting the importance of reliable MRgRT feature selection. The within-subject feature values were subjected to 6976
Reduced fractional anisotropy was found in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and corresponding interhemispheric fiber tracts interconnecting the somatosensory and visual cortices via the splenium. Our results are suggestive of altered white matter microstructure within the brain of those with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, which could be related to abnormal brain maturation during adolescence in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and could possibly explain the previously documented somatosensory function impairment and visuo-oculomotor dysfunction in this condition.
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