A series of line drawings of the unsporulated and sporulated oocysts of the species of Eimeria found in cattle and sheep in Britain has been compiled.The incidence of the different species in faecal samples from animals, of which only a minority were known to be suffering from enteritis or diarrhoea, has been recorded. Samples from sheep frequently contained five or six different species among which those that are believed to be pathogenic (E. arloingi, E. crandallis, E. ninaekohlyakimovae) were the most common.The samples from cattle most frequently contained two or three species. E. bovis and E. zuerni, which are associated with acute disease, were the most common.
INTKODUCTIONIt had been hoped to follow the survey outlined here by a series of controlled experiments designed to elucidate (i) the more important features in.the life cycles of, in particular, the nematode parasites of the silver foxes, and (ii) the effects of the various infestations on the foxes, and methods of controlling them, or of ameliorating the damage done. In fact, in September 1939, we were on the point of obtaining, by the kind courtesy of several of the fox farmers with whom we had been working, a number of experimental animals. With the advent of war, however, it became apparent that this work must be at least temporarily abandoned. The results of the survey seemed to us to be sufficiently interesting in themselves, and to provide a basis for future observations, should they at any time become possible. We have therefore decided to publish them as they stand.The figures analysed in the following pages have been obtained during the course of an investigation into the diseases of silver foxes and of methods of controlling or preventing their outbreak. Carcasses and samples of faeces have been obtained from fourteen farms altogether. In most cases the material was first obtained as the result of a specific request to the owner, and some selection of the carcasses to be examined was made with a view to obtaining a representative sample from the farm. In addition to these animals, however, other carcasses were sent in with requests for information as to the cause of death. These animals were examined by the same routine methods as the others for which request had been made. In some cases the only animals obtained from a farm have belonged to the second category, the farm having been for various reasons omitted from our initial survey.In all 154 carcasses have been examined, and in most cases the worm populations related to the worm egg counts obtained by the Stoll dilution count method. Of this total twenty-seven animals were selected during the 1937 season, and their faeces examined at about fortnightly .intervals over a period of up to 2 months before they were pelted. As will be seen from the analysis of the figures presented later, the worm egg counts fluctuated violently and in a very irregular manner, and it proved impossible to discover any quantitative relation between the counts from the faeces and the worm populations in the carcasses.' In addition to the silver foxes, we have examined nine adult and four cub red foxes, in order to determine how far it is possible that the silver-fox farms may be infected from wild red foxes living in their neighbourhood. Some of these carcasses have been obtained locally, but as most of the area is hunted it has not been possible to obtain an adequate number to provide a true indication of the extent to which the wild species is parasitized. We have had to rely on chance deaths in traps, etc. The local foxes have therefore been supplemented by animals obtained from near Oswestry, where, in the absence of hounds, the foxes are shot.
The development of geriatric dental education programs in the United States and at the University of Iowa over the last twenty years is reviewed. The program at Iowa evolved from a didactic elective program taught by a single faculty person to required didactic and clinical programs that include a special care clinic in the dental school and a mobile unit with portable equipment serving ten area nursing homes with comprehensive care. Factors influencing the curriculum development are identified and discussed, and as no dental schools are the same, some general applications are suggested from the Iowa experience.
This chapter argues for a new ethical theory to inform and justify a continued use of animals in the global food system. It begins with a consideration of the utilitarian justifications for using animals as sources of food, as well as the attitudinal and legal justifications for animal use in agriculture. Utilitarian constrains on animal use in agriculture are then discussed, as well as economic and environmental constraints on modern animal production systems. A notional ethical contract with animals is then proposed. Given the co-evolution of humans and non-human animals, and the vital roles those animals we have domesticated could play in a humane, well-managed, sustainable food system, it is argued that there is a strong case for revising the basis of our continued relationship with them to one that is based on a notional contract: an arrangement by which animals continue to provide benefits to humans and the environment, but themselves live out better lives than they would in the wild.
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