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Objective: The objective of this study was to synthesize the results of many experimental studies on the current subject and to determine the real effect of transport stress on some meat quality characteristics by meta-analysis. Material and Methods: The selection of articles that will form the basis of the study was determined through a systematic literature review using the Google Scholar database, and a total of 13 articles meeting the selection criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The search was limited to only one species (broiler) and other poultry species were not included in the study. Effect sizes were calculated in order to determine the significance of the difference between the transport stress and the control group. The Q statistic was used to determine the heterogeneity between studies. Results: A significant difference for the estimated effect size was found in the drip loss, and the effect size estimated according to the random model was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) and close to the medium level (EBDL= 0.416). Conclusion: The results of the study show that exposure of broilers to transport stress at different times or distances before slaughter has no significant effect on breast meat quality characteristics, except for drip loss. According to the analysis, a significant difference was determined for breast meat drip loss; this result shows that transport stress may cause a decrease in meat quality by increasing breast meat drip loss.

In this study, the effects of monochromatic lighting on egg weight loss, embryonic mortality, hatch window and hatching performance were investigated. The number of eggs used in the experiment was a total of 780 (Ross-308 genotype). Eggs were randomly assigned to 3 groups. 1) Control group: Eggs were incubated in dark, 2) Green light group: 560 nm (wavelength from 535 to 585 nm), 3) Red light group: 670 nm (wavelength from 640 to 690 nm). During the first 18 days of the incubation period, continuous illumination of 0.1-0.2 lx intensity was provided with LEDs placed on both sides of the trays. The light transmission was prevented by blank trays coated with greenhouse covering material which has 75% shading feature placed among experiment groups. In this way, light transmission to other trays and any possible hitches of air circulation was prevented. There was no difference between examined egg weights of the treatment groups in the experiment, but it's found that significant difference in egg weight loss for both colours of light. Red light and control groups (15.00% and 11.92%) show a similar embryonic mortality rate, while the green light group has a lower embryonic mortality rate (5.00%) than these groups. The effects of monochromatic lighting on the hatching time were significant (Chi-square<0.05). Although there was no significant difference between hatching performance parameters of the control and red light treatment groups in the experiment, the green light group had better hatching efficiency than the other groups. The findings of this research were carried out with two different light wavelengths are remarkable for showing that the significant effects of the monochromatic illumination on hatching results.

This research was conducted to determine the effects of in ovo injection of propolis extract into the amnion to breeder eggs on hatchability and early performance in broilers. For this purpose, a total of 250 Ross 308 broiler breeder hatching eggs were obtained from a commercial hatchery. Eggs were divided into four groups randomly, isotonic serum sodium (0.9%) was injected at the level of 0.2 ml into the first group and there were used as positive control (PC) group, whereas there was no treatment on negative control (NC) group. Where the amount of 0.2 ml prepared mixture which is included %3 propolis extract were injected into low propolis (LP) group, 0.2 ml prepared mixture which is included %6 propolis extract were given into the high propolis group (HP). In ovo propolis extract injection resulted in a shorter hatching time compared with the control groups. The hatchability, hatching weight and survival of newly hatched chicks were not affected by in ovo injection of propolis extract according to our results. There were no differences between the control and treatmet groups in hatchability and embryonic mortality. The results indicated that except for the PC group chicks' weights were similar at hatching day, but the later stage weights of chicks were started to significantly differ from each other and propolis groups have shown higher live weights than the controls at 5th and 10th day (P<0.05). All treatment groups exhibited greater weight gain from hatch to 10 d compared to the control groups. The results indicate that in ovo feeding of broiler embryos with propolis extract may have beneficial effects on day old chick weights and early growth rate.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, etlik piliçlerde çevresel stresin gelişme performansı, karkas randımanı ve bazı fizyolojik parametreler üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Materyal ve Metot: Günlük civcivler yüksek sıcaklık, rotasyon, obje kullanımı ve kontrol olmak üzere rastgele 4 deneme grubuna ayrılmıştır. Sıcaklık grubunda civcivler denemenin 21. gününde 3 saat süre ile 38±1 ºC sıcak stresine maruz bırakılmışlardır. Obje grubuna 1-44. günler arasında çevresel zenginleştirme amacıyla bölmelere yerleştirilen renkli objelerle (ayna, pet şişe, top vb.) görsel uyarıda bulunularak stres yaratılmıştır. Rotasyon grubundaki piliçler ise haftada iki kere düzenli olarak bölmeler arası rotasyona tabi tutulmuşlardır. Denemenin 42. gününde de tüm piliçlere 1 saat süre ile 38±1 ºC sıcak stresi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çevresel zenginleştirme uygulaması etlik piliç performansını önemli düzeyde etkilememekle birlikte, 42. gün canlı ağırlığı ve yemden yararlanmayı iyileştirmiştir. Sıcak stresi uygulanan grubun karkas ağırlığı ve karkas randımanı değerlerinin kontrol grubu ile benzerlik gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Akut sıcak stresi sonrasında (21. gün) sıcaklık grubunda trigliserid düzeyinin kontrol grubuna göre önemli düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Deneme sonunda (42. gün) ise glukoz ve kolesterol değerleri bakımından deneme grupları arasında önemli farklılıklar oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Kontrol, obje ve sıcaklık gruplarında kolesterol seviyeleri benzerlik gösterirken, rotasyon grubunda önemli derecede yükseldiği saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, erken yaşlardan itibaren zenginleştirilmiş çevrede büyütme strese adaptasyon sağlanması ve refahın iyileştirilmesi amacıyla yararlanılabilecek bir yöntem olarak önerilebilir, ancak uygulamaya aktarılabilmesi için daha fazla çalışma yapılmasına gerek vardır.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of calorie restriction and dietary bee products (apilarnil plus royal jelly) supplementation on reproductive and oxidative responses and to determine the possibilities that these treatments may be used in retarding the reproductive ageing of broiler breeder males. At 52 weeks of age, broiler breeder males were assigned to four treatment groups. The control group was fed on restricted feed as recommended by the breeder company throughout the study; the ad libitum group was fed ad libitum for a four-week period; the bee products group was fed similar to the control group except that their diet was supplemented with apilarnil and royal jelly for a four-week period and in the last group calorie restriction (45 % of standard diet) was applied for a four-week period. After a four-week adaptation period, the experiment was continued for 18 weeks. The results obtained in the present study have demonstrated that the percentage of dead sperm was the most affected semen characteristic by reproductive ageing. Long-term moderate feed restriction could not prevent age-related declines in sperm production. Dietary bee products supplementation or calorie restriction for a fourweek period positively affected the semen characteristics, and these beneficial effects could be maintained to some extend up until 72 weeks of age. Calorie restriction enhanced antioxidant defence for the first four-week period; however, this beneficial effect could not be sustained until the end of the experiment.Key words: broiler breeder males; ageing; semen characteristics; oxidative stress; bee products; calorie restrictionVPLIV ČEBELJIH PRIDELKOV IN OMEJEVANJA KALORIJ NA PROIZVODNJO SEMENA IN OKSIDATIVNI STRES PRI STAREJŠIH SAMCIH PLEMENSKIH BROJLERJEVAbstrakt: Študija je bila izvedena z namenom raziskovanja učinkov omejevanja kalorij in dodajanja prehranskih čebeljih pridelkov (apilarnil in matični mleček) na reprodukcijske in oksidativne odzive ter ugotoviti možnosti uporabe prehranskih dodatkov za zaviranje reproduktivnega staranja samcev plemenskih brojlerjev. Pri starosti 52 tednov so bili samci plemenskih brojlerjev razporejeni v štiri skupine. Kontrolna skupina je bila ves čas študije krmljena z restrikcijsko krmo po priporočilih podjetja, ki se ukvarja z gojenjem plemenskih broilerjev; skupina ad libitum je bila štiri tedne hranjena ad libitum; skupina, pri kateri so bili dodani čebelji pridelki je bila krmljena podobno kot kontrolna skupina, le da je bila njihova prehrana štiri tedne dopolnjevana z apilarnilom in matičnim mlečkom, zadnja skupina pa je štiri tedne dobivala kalorično omejeno hrano (45 % običajne prehrane). Po štiritedenskem prilagoditvenem obdobju se je poskus nadaljeval še 18 tednov. Rezultati, pridobljeni v tej študiji, so pokazali, da je bila najbolj prizadeta značilnost staranja povišan odstotek mrtvih semenčic v ejakulatu. Dolgoročna zmerna omejitev krme ni preprečila starostnega zmanjšanja proizvodnje smenčic. Dodatek prehranskih čebeljih pridelkov ali omejevanje kalorij v obdobju štirih tednov je pozitivno vplival na značilnosti semena. Ti blagodejni učinki so se ohranili vse do starosti do 72 tednov. Omejitev kalorij je okrepila tudi antioksidativno obrambo v prvih štirih tednih raziskave; vendar pa se je ta ugodni učinek kasneje izgubil.Ključne besede:samci plemenskih brojlerjev; staranje; značilnosti semena; oksidativni stres; čebelji proizvodi; omejitev kalorij

′ ′Adeniji OB. 2012. Effects of environmental enrichment strategies on behavior and production performance of broiler breeder chickens reared at elevated temperatures. Master's Theses,