It is necessary to periodically maintain lighting equipment in accordance with international standards. Contamination of lamps caused by long-term use of lighting equipment will result in loss of Luminous Flux and optical losses. The decrease in lighting performance poses a visual difficulty for drivers and causes accidents. In this study, the total Maintenance Factor is numerically examined by considering the losses of diffuser and lens for LED lamps used in tunnel lighting. The variation of luminaries performance with years considering Maintenance Factors as regards environmental conditions and features of the luminaries is evaluated to demonstrate the importance of tunnel lighting maintenance. Moreover, to show the importance of LED lamps Maintenance Factor, the variation of illumination levels of LED lamps is analysed under different Maintenance Factors. It is observed that enhancing Maintenance Factor would contribute to energy efficiency. ABSTRAK: Penjagaan peralatan cahaya secara berkala mengikut piawai kebangsaan adalah amat penting. Pencemaran lampu disebabkan penggunaan peralatan cahaya pada jangka panjang akan menyebabkan kehilangan kilauan kerdipan lampu dan optik. Pengurangan pencahayaan ini menyebabkan kesukaran pandangan pada pemandu dan menyebabkan kemalangan jiwa. Kajian ini mengkaji tentang jumlah Faktor Penjagaan secara numerik dengan mengambil kira pengurangan difuser dan kanta pada lampu LED yang digunakan dalam terowong pencahayaan. Faktor Penjagaan pada perubahan kilauan berdasarkan tahun mengambil kira keadaan sekeliling dan ciri khas kilauan. Tambahan, ini dinilai bagi menunjukkan kepentingan penjagaan terowong pencahayaan dan kepentingan Faktor Penjagaan Lampu LED. Perubahan pada tahap terang pada lampu LED dikaji dengan mengambil kira Faktor Penjagaan. Peningkatan pada Faktor Penjagaan telah didapati dapat menjimatkan tenaga.
In this study, the renewal process whose times between the intervals are gamma-diffused has been examined. In the situation where the sampling is Randomly Right Censored, a Parametric Estimator is recommended, which depends on the Maximum Likelihood Estimators of the unknown parameters of the gamma diffusion; and the statistical characteristics of these estimators have been investigated.
The three tests in profile analysis: test of parallelism, test of level and test of flatness are modified so that high-dimensional data can be analysed. Using specific scores, dimension reduction is performed and the exact null distributions are derived for the three hypotheses.
A renewal process is a counting process which counts the number of renewals that occurs as a function of time, wherein the durations between successive renewals are random variables independent of one another, with identical F distributions. The mean value function data is frequently needed in applications of renewal processes. For the renewal function, open expressions depending on distribution function F can be calculated from each other. However, even though the distribution function F is known, the renewal function cannot be obtained analytically except for a few distributions. In this study, in the case that F is totally unknown, life table management and Kaplan-Meier estimator were used depending on random right-censored sampling for the estimation of F value. Then, for the estimation of the renewal function value in the random right-censored data, nonparametric estimators were proposed and the problem of how to calculate these estimators were discussed.
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