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This work proposes to adapt an existing sensor and embed it on mannequins used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training to accurately measure the amount of air supplied to the lungs during ventilation. The proposed sensor consists of measuring the airflow using propellers. The method directly measures the variable of interest and makes reference to spirometric techniques in the elaboration of its model, improving the realism of the dummies. Besides advantages over the sensors that are commonly used for this purpose, the projected sensor presented an agreement with its theoretical model and with the spirometric model. It is suitable for applications with a resolution of 17 mL, and precision of 50 mL and 26 mL for initial (< 900 mL) and final ranges, respectively.

This work proposes adapting an existing sensor and embedding it on mannequins used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training to accurately measure the amount of air supplied to the lungs during ventilation. Mathematical modeling, calibration, and validation of the sensor along with metrology, statistical inference, and spirometry techniques were used as a base for aquiring scientific knowledge of the system. The system directly measures the variable of interest (air volume) and refers to spirometric techniques in the elaboration of its model. This improves the realism of the dummies during the CPR training, because it estimates, in real-time, not only the volume of air entering in the lungs but also the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume (FEVt) and Medium Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF20–75%). The validation of the sensor achieved results that address the requirements for this application, that is, the error below 3.4% of full scale. During the spirometric tests, the system presented the measurement results of (305 ± 22, 450 ± 23, 603 ± 24, 751 ± 26, 922 ± 27, 1021 ± 30, 1182 ± 33, 1326 ± 36, 1476 ± 37, 1618 ± 45 and 1786 ± 56) × 10−6 m3 for reference values of (300, 450, 600, 750, 900, 1050, 1200, 1350, 1500, 1650 and 1800) × 10−6 m3, respectively. Therefore, considering the spirometry and pressure boundary conditions of the manikin lungs, the system achieves the objective of simulating valid spirometric data for debriefings, that is, there is an agreement between the measurement results when compared to the signal generated by a commercial spirometer (Koko brand). The main advantages that this work presents in relation to the sensors commonly used for this purpose are: (i) the reduced cost, which makes it possible, for the first time, to use a respiratory volume sensor in medical simulators or training dummies; (ii) the direct measurement of air entering the lung using a noninvasive method, which makes it possible to use spirometry parameters to characterize simulated human respiration during the CPR training; and (iii) the measurement of spirometric parameters (FVC, FEVt, and FEF20–75%), in real-time, during the CPR training, to achieve optimal ventilation performance. Therefore, the system developed in this work addresses the minimum requirements for the practice of ventilation in the CPR maneuvers and has great potential in several future applications.

The most common practice related to medical urgency and emergency is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). There were no CPR practices in the training of health professionals until the appearance of realistic mannequins intended for this purpose. Then, the automation of this equipment allowed the continuous improvement of the quality of the maneuvers through real-time feedback. This work implements a Soft-Real-Time in order to present the actions performed on the dummy in a sufficient time interval to perform and correct the maneuver simultaneously. The Arduino platform composes the embedded system and is used together with the Resusci Anne® mannequin. The embedded system is based on the Arduino platform, which encodes the actions performed on the Resusci Anne® mannequin through a Real-Time Scheduling and Multitasking (ARTE). Visual Studio is used to develop the supervisory system, based on CPR teaching methodology, which decodes and present the embedded system information. It was possible to allocate the real-time resources taking into account the requirements of the instrumentation, the embedded system, and the real-time scheduling and multitasking to execute the proposed deadline for the application. In this way, it was possible to make the system achieve real-time requirements and provide feedback to the target audience of this work. The automation of simulators, as presented in this work, brings continuous improvement in the training and training of health professionals, making them able to perform effective maneuvers during CPR. Resumo: A prática mais comum relacionada a urgência e emergência médicas é a Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar (RCP). Práticas de RCP não foram realizadas na formação de profissionais da área de saúde até o surgimento de manequins realísticos destinados a essa finalidade. Em seguida, a automação desses equipamentos permitiu a melhoria contínua da qualidade das manobras por meio de feedback em tempo real. Neste trabalho, implementa-se um sistema de tempo real de forma que as ações praticadas no manequim são apresentadas em um intervalo de tempo com duração suficiente para realizar e corrigir a manobra simultaneamente. O sistema embarcado foi baseado na plataforma Arduino, que codifica as ações realizadas no manequim Ressusci Anne® por meio de um Escalonador de Tempo Real e Multitarefa (ARTE). O Visual Studio é utilizado para desenvolver um supervisório baseado em metodologia de ensino da RCP, que decodifica e apresenta as informações do sistema embarcado. Foi possível alocar os recursos de tempo real levando-se em consideração as exigências da instrumentação, do sistema embarcado e do escalonador de tempo real e multitarefa para executar o deadline proposto para a aplicação. Desta forma, foi possível fazer com que o sistema atenda aos requisitos de tempo real e forneça feedback ao público-alvo deste trabalho. A automação de simuladores, da forma como apresentado neste trabalho, pode proporcionar melhoria contínua na formação e treinamento dos profissionais da área de saúde, tornando-os mai...

Purpose: Atherosclerotic vascular changes can begin during childhood, providing a favorable environment for the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood. Identifiable risk factors such as dyslipidemia accelerate this process for some children. The apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene could help explain the inter-individual variability in lipid levels among young individuals and identify groups that require greater attention to prevent cardiovascular problems in adulthood. However, there is few research on genetic risk factors for dyslipidemia in young individuals from mixed-race groups. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with elementary school students aged 6 to 17 in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, between April and December 2021. The study evaluated sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and biochemical variables and XbaI polymorphism in the APOB gene for associations with increased cholesterol. Results: The study found that the prevalence of increased cholesterol was notably high, reaching 68.9% in the study population. Carriers of the variant T allele were 1.45 times more likely to develop increased cholesterol in a dominant model (CI: 1.09-1.94). After adjustments, excess weight and a family history of dyslipidemia interacted significantly with XbaI polymorphism in increased cholesterol, resulting in Odds Ratio of 1.74 (CI: 1.11-2.71) and 2.04 (CI: 1.14-3.67), respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that XbaI polymorphism in the APOB gene may affect the lipid profile of Brazilian children and adolescents living in urban areas and could contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and, consequently, CVD in adulthood.