Biofuels can be produced through a conventional catalytic cracking system and/or a hybrid catalyticplasma cracking system. This paper was focused on studying effect of Na + ion exchange to HY-Zeolite catalyst on catalyst performance to convert palm oil into biofuels over a conventional continuous fixed bed catalytic cracking reactor and comparing the catalytic cracking performance when carried out in a continuous hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Bruneuer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area methods. The biofuels product were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbons composition of biofuels product. From the results, ion exchange process of Na + into HY-Zeolite catalyst decreases the catalyst activity due to decreasing the number of active sites caused by blocking of Na + ion. The selectivity to gasoline ranges achieved 34.25% with 99.11% total conversion when using HY catalyst over conventional continuous fixed bed reactor system. Unfortunately, the selectivity to gasoline ranges decreased to 13.96% and the total conversion decrease slightly to 98.06% when using NaY-Zeolite catalyst. As comparison when the cracking reaction was carried out in a hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor using a spent residual catalytic cracking (RCC) catalyst, the high energetics electron from plasma can improve the reactor performance, where the conversion and yield were increased and the selectivity to lower ranges of hydrocarbons was increased. However, the last results were potential to be intensively studied with respect to relation between reactor temperature and plasma-assisted catalytic reactor parameters.

Ni-rich high-energy-density lithium ion batteries pose great risks to safety due to internal short circuits and overcharging; they also have poor performance because of cation mixing and disordering problems. For Ni-rich layered cathodes, these factors cause gas evolution, the formation of side products, and life cycle decay. In this study, a new cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) for Ni2+ self-oxidation is developed. By using a branched oligomer electrode additive, the new CEI is formed and prevents the reduction of Ni3+ to Ni2+ on the surface of Ni-rich layered cathode; this maintains the layered structure and the cation mixing during cycling. In addition, this new CEI ensures the stability of Ni4+ that is formed at 100% state of charge in the crystal lattice at high temperature (660 K); this prevents the rock-salt formation and the over-reduction of Ni4+ to Ni2+. These findings are obtained using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, operando X-ray diffraction, operando gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the new CEI has an elliptical shape on the material surface, which is approximately 100 nm in length and 50 nm in width, and covers selected particle surfaces. After the new CEI was formed on the surface, the Ni2+ self-oxidation gradually affects from the surface to the bulk of the material. It found that the bond energy and bond length of the Ni–O are stabilized, which dramatically inhibit gas evolution. The new CEI is successfully applied in a Ni-rich layered compound, and the 18650- and the punch-type full cells are fabricated. The energy density of the designed cells is up to 300 Wh/kg. Internal short circuit and overcharging safety tests are passed when using the standard regulations of commercial evaluation. This new CEI technology is ready and planned for future applications in electric vehicle and energy storage.

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This study aims to determine the effect of human resource competence, utilization of information technology, and public participation on the quality of village financial statement. This is a quantitative study which used a survey method and questionnaire. Furthermore, the samples were obtained using double sampling method with a total of 172 villages in Banyumas Regency. The collection of primary data was from respondents' answers to the questionnaire instrument that was distributed to the village secretary or treasurer as the PTPKD. The results showed that human resource competence did not affect the quality of village financial statement, while the utilization of information technology and public participation had positive effects. Furthermore, the study has three implications, first, the government is specifically expected to make good utilization of the provided information technology. Secondly , it is hoped that the central and regional governments can provide more intensive education and training to villages, in order to improve the competence of human resources, namely the village officials. Thirdly, the central and local governments as policymakers need to develop policies that villages universally can follow and do not overlap with one another.

Highly delithiated LiCoO 2 has high specific capacity (>200 mAh g −1 ); however, its degradation behavior causes it to have poor electrochemical performance and thermal instability. The degradation of highly delithiated LiCoO 2 is mainly induced by oxygen vacancy migration and weakening of oxygen-related interactions, which result in pitting corrosion and fault formation on the surface. In this research, a coupling agent, namely, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), was grafted onto the surface of LiCoO 2 to form a cross-linking structure. Through the aza-Michael addition reaction, an oligomer formed from barbituric acid and bisphenol a diglycidyl ether diacrylate were reacted with the cross-linking APTES to form an artificial cathode electrolyte interphase (ACEI). The highly delithiated LiCoO 2 containing the ACEI had considerably less degradation on the surface of the bulk material caused by oxygen release. The formation of the O1 phase was prevented in high delithiation and high-temperature operations. This research revealed that the ACEI reinforced the Co−O bond, which is crucial in preventing gas evolution and O1 phase formation. In addition, the ACEI prevents direct contact between the electrolyte and highly active surface of LiCoO 2 , thereby preventing the formation of a thick and high impedance traditional cathode electrolyte interphase. According to the present results, highly delithiated LiCoO 2 containing the ACEI exhibited outstanding cycle retention and capacity at 55 °C as well as low heat capacity release in the fully delithiated state. The ACEI considerably protected and maintained the electrochemical performance of highly delithiated LiCoO 2 , which is suitable for high-energy-density applications, such as electric vehicles and power tools.

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High voltage (∼5 V) spinel LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (LNMO) has attracted great attention because of its ultrahigh voltage plateau, which can be used as a cathode to reduce pressure in battery management systems. Moreover, compared with layered LiN x M y C z O 2 materials, LNMO only requires little amounts of Ni, is cobalt-free for maintaining energy density, is inexpensive, and is lightweight. This study demonstrates two types of primary particles with different morphologies: rectangular and pentahedral. The pentahedron-shaped LNMO has lower surface energy owing to the formation of high valence Ni on the surface, thereby causing gas evolution and a loss in cycle retention, a direct Ni 2+ /Ni 4+ reaction. Conversely, rectangular-shaped LNMO with higher Mn 3+ content exhibits a stable electrochemical reaction, which provides a higher surface energy that prevents ethylene carbonate (EC) decomposition on the surface, and thereby, excellent performance is obtained, a parallel reaction of Mn 3+ / Mn 4+ and Ni 2+ / Ni 3+ . By adding a lithium salt additive, trifluoromethyl benzimidazole (LiTFB), a self-regulation of Ni and Mn ion valences leads to a key reaction on both pentahedral (surface disordering effect) and rectangular (preventing Jahn−Teller distortion effect) LNMO morphologies. The two-electron transfer in the reactions of Ni 2+/3+ and Mn 3+/4+ of LiTFB-modified LNMOs provides excellent electrochemical performance for further high-energy applications.