In a setting in which the rate of mother-to-child HBV transmission was low with the administration of hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers, the additional maternal use of TDF did not result in a significantly lower rate of transmission. (Funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01745822 .).

Women who received intrapartum nevirapine were less likely to have virologic suppression after six months of postpartum treatment with a nevirapine-containing regimen. Our data suggest the need for strategies to maximize the benefits of both antiretroviral prophylaxis against mother-to-child transmission of HIV and antiretroviral therapy for mothers.

Summaryobjectives Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an important cause of morbidity in South-east Asia and used to occur almost exclusively in young children. In recent years, there has been a progressive shift in age-distribution towards older children and adults. We investigated an outbreak in 2001 in both children and adults, in an endemic area of Thailand.methods Retrospective study of 347 patients with serologically confirmed dengue infection admitted to Chonburi Hospital during an epidemic in 2001.results A total of 128 (37%) patients had dengue fever (DF) and 219 (63%) had DHF. Patients with DHF were significantly older than patients with DF (11 years vs. 8 years). Clinical bleeding was noted in 124 individuals, both with DF (n ¼ 24) and DHF (n ¼ 100), and significantly more frequently in adults. Twenty-nine (13.2%) of all DHF cases were caused by primary infection. Secondary dengue infection was associated significantly with the development of DHF in children, OR (95% CI) ¼ 3.63 (1.94-6.82), P < 0.0001, but not in adults, OR (95% CI) ¼ 0.6 (0.02-6.04), P ¼ 1. Unusual clinical manifestations were observed in 23 patients: three presented with encephalopathy and 20 with highly elevated liver-enzymes. In the latter group, four patients were icteric and nine had gastrointestinal bleeding.conclusion These results indicate that DHF in South-east Asia is common in both children and adults. In dengue-endemic countries, dengue should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with clinical gastrointestinal bleeding in association with increased liver enzymes.keywords dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, Thailand, risk factors, adults

the study revealed high incidence of TDF-associated renal function decline among patients with low-body weight and BMI. Additional risk factors were baseline GFR, receiving protease inhibitor, and nephrotoxic drugs. Close monitoring of renal function is warranted among patients with these risk factors.

Background The impact of pregnancy on efavirenz pharmacokinetics is unknown. Methods International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1026s is an on-going, prospective, non-blinded study of antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected pregnant women that included a cohort receiving 600 mg efavirenz once daily as part of combination antiretroviral therapy. Intensive steady-state 24-hour blood sampling was performed during the third trimester and at 6–12 weeks postpartum. Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were drawn at delivery. Pharmacokinetics targets were the estimated 10th percentile efavirenz AUC in non-pregnant historical controls (40.0 mcg.hr/mL) and a trough concentration of 1 mcg/mL. Results Twenty five women were enrolled during the third trimester: median (range) age was 29.3 (18.9–42.9) years, weight 69.0 (40–130) kg, gestational age 32.9 (30.1–38.7) weeks. Median (range) efavirenz AUC0-24, Cmax and C24hour were 55.4 mcg.hr/mL (13.5–220.3), 5.4 mcg/mL (1.9–12.2) and 1.6 mcg/ml (0.23–8.13), respectively. Efavirenz AUC and Cmax did not differ during pregnancy and postpartum but C24hour was lower during the third trimester (1.6 vs. 2.1 mcg/mL, p=0.01). During the third trimester, 5 of 25 (20%) women had an efavirenz AUC below the target and 3 of 25 (12%) had a trough concentration below 1 mcg/mL. Efavirenz cord blood/maternal concentration ratio was 0.49 (0.37–0.74). All women had a HIV-1 RNA viral load less than 400 copies/mL at delivery and 19 (76%) had a viral load below 50 copies/mL. One child was perinatally HIV-infected. Three women were exposed to efavirenz throughout the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. EFV was well tolerated and among the 25 infants no congenital anomalies or newborn complications were reported. Conclusions Changes in efavirenz pharmacokinetics during pregnancy compared to postpartum are not sufficiently large enough to warrant a dose adjustment during pregnancy.