BACKGROUND: Buckwheat products are receiving increasing attention because of their high nutritive values and significant health-promoting properties. In the present study, 15 buckwheat products grown in different parts of China were investigated. Representative common or tartary buckwheat samples were further subjected to soaking, roasting, microwave cooking, boiling and steaming treatments. Colorimetric analyses and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were performed to determine the phenolic profiles and antioxidant capacities of the raw and thermally processed buckwheat samples, respectively. RESULTS: Tartary buckwheat exhibited a remarkably higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) compared to common buckwheat, although there were no significant differences between their 2,2 ′ -azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging capacity. All thermal treatments, particularly microwave cooking, contributed to the greatest losses of phenolics and antioxidant capacities in the common buckwheat samples, whereas boiling and steaming usually resulted in the lowest losses. For the tartary buckwheat samples, all thermal treatments (except roasting), especially boiling and steaming, led to significant increases in TPC, TFC, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, FRAP and ABTS free radical scavenging capacity. However, HPLC analyses indicated that all thermal treatments, especially microwave cooking, gave rise to the greatest losses of the total content of 14 phenolic acids and three flavonoids, whereas boiling led to the lowest losses. CONCLUSION: Both steaming and boiling treatments are recommended when preparing common or tartary buckwheat food products because they can minimize thermal degradation or promote their phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities to the greatest extent.
Brain functions arise from the coordinated activation of neuronal assemblies distributed across multiple brain regions. The electrical potential from the neuron captured by the electrode can be processed to extract brain information. A large number of densely and simultaneously recorded neuronal potential signals from neurons spanning multiple brain regions contribute to the insight of specific behaviors encoded by the neural ensembles. In this review, we focused on the neural interfaces developed for small- to large-scale recordings and discussed the developmental challenges and strategies in microsystem, electrode device, and interface material levels for the future larger-scale neural ensemble recordings.
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