In view of the compulsory merging behavior and complex driving environment in freeway work zones, the factors influencing drivers’ merging behavior need to be focused on the given road environment. Realizing the need to mitigate the impact of such a challenging scenario, this study aims to explore the impact of road environment on drivers’ merging location selection in freeway work zone merging areas. The survey data for modelling were collected through questionnaires survey based on the stated preference (SP) method. The logistics regression model was utilized to extract the significant factors influencing merging location selection. The results of fitting effect analysis show that the developed logistics regression models provide a good fit for the survey data. The road conditions and speed limit strategies are the significant factors affecting the drivers’ preference to merging location selection in upstream transition area. The road conditions, traffic environment conditions, speed conditions, and speed limit strategies are the prominent influencing factors to the latter part of advance warning area. It is a comprehensive analysis to consider the influence of road environment on merging location selection from the perspective of drivers, which is expected to support the merging control strategy and avoid the occurrence of traffic crash in work zones.
Verification of the characteristic state plasticity by 3D-GEM tri-axial tests Chunyue ZOU, Yuji KISHINO Recently, Krenk proposed a constitutive theory for granular materials called "the characteristic state plasticity". This model is rather simple as the Cam-clay model, even though the dependency of the third stress invariant on the yield function and the non-associative flow rule are took into account. The purpose of this paper is to verify the applicability of the theory by comparing the theory with 3D GEM simulation tests.After showing how to calibrate material constants used in the theory, the paper discusses the predictability of elasto-plastic stress-strain relationship for various loading directions. It is concluded that the material constants determined for the tri-axial loading process can be used for the prediction of unloading-reloading process. However, the theory may have to be modified to predict responses along general loading paths.
As the origin of energy dissipation in rigid granular media is the frictional slippage between particles, we can easily detect the energy dissipation mechanism by knowing the statistics of the mobilized contact planes where the frictional slippages take place. In this paper, using a set of numerical test results obtained by granular element analyses, we discuss first the relationship between the work done by the external stress and the elastic and dissipative energies at internal contact points. Then, after explaining the method to identify the mobilized contact plane by dissipation levels, we show that a forth order tensor is inevitable to describe the statistical characteristics of the distribution of mobilized contact planes.
This paper presents a constitutive model based on the multiple plastic mechanisms which result in the incrementally nonlinear behavior and it also discusses the consequent instability . The constitutive equation is derived through 3D-GEM simulations of tri-axial compression and extension tests as well as a series of stress probe tests. The test results show that two types of plastic mechanism govern the plastic behavior of granular materials. The first one is called the basic mechanism, which obeys the non-associative flow rule . The other one is called the additive mechanism, which is generated in each stress probe. The last part is dedicated to a bifurcation analysis performed in terms of the presented constitutive model.
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