Anhedonia is the inability to experience pleasure from rewarding or enjoyable activities and is a core symptom of depression in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for the measurement of anhedonia in mice, in which anhedonia is measured by a sucrose preference test (SPT) based on a two-bottle choice paradigm. A reduction in the sucrose preference ratio in experimental relative to control mice is indicative of anhedonia. To date, inconsistent and variable results have been reported following the use of the SPT by different groups, probably due to the use of different protocols and equipment. In this protocol, we describe how to set up a clearly defined apparatus for SPT and provide a detailed protocol to ensure greater consistency when carrying out SPT. This optimized protocol is highly sensitive, reliable, and adaptable for evaluation of chronic stress-related anhedonia, as well as morphine-induced dependence. The whole SPT, including adaptation, baseline measurement, and testing, takes 8 d.
The {001} facet of α-Fe2O3 offered excellent activity and stability for the oxidative dehydrogenation of lactic acid to pyruvic acid due to the lower adsorption energy on its surface compared to others.
In this study, a series of Fe3+ modified Amberlyst-15 resins (Fe/AR) were prepared and used as environmentally friendly bifunctional catalysts for the conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).
Unreactive
C–N bond activation of anilines was achieved
by photoinduced aerobic borylation. A diverse range of tertiary and
secondary anilines were converted to aryl boronate esters in moderate
to good yields with wide functional group tolerance under simple and
ambient photochemical conditions. This transformation achieved the
direct and facile C–N bond activation of unreactive anilines,
providing a convenient and practical route transforming widely available
anilines into useful aryl boronate esters.
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