Carbon-based composite electrode materials, including carbon–carbon, carbon–metal oxide, carbon–polymer and carbon–polymer–metal oxide for efficient capacitive deionization are summarized.

In this paper, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and activated carbon (AC) composites (GAC) have been synthesized by a facile chemical method for the capacitive removal of salt ions from brackish water. The as-prepared composites have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, N 2 adsorptiondesorption and cyclic voltammetry. The GAC composite with 20 wt% graphene (GAC-20) exhibits the best electrochemical performance among all the samples, with a specific capacitance of 181 F g À1 . The electrosorption capacity of the GAC-20 electrode is found to be much higher than that of the AC electrode, indicating that RGO can serve as a flexible bridge to form a ''plane-to-point'' (RGO-to-AC) conducting network, which is beneficial for decreasing the aggregation of AC particles, and improves the electron transfer within the composite electrode. GAC composite should be a promising candidate as an electrode material for capacitive deionization (CDI) applications.

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Graphitic-C3N4 quantum dots (g-C3N4QDs), which can be prepared by top-down and bottom-up synthesis, exhibit excellent optical features. They can act as different roles during the photo(electro)catalytic removal of organic pollutants.

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Two-dimensional (2D) crystalline carbon nitrides (CxNy) with graphene-like atomic structures but semiconducting nature are new appealing materials, and increasing interest has been garnered on their synthesis, properties, and applications. Apart...

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