The toxicity of 17 selected process e uents, 11 reactive dyestu s and 8 auxiliaries from a textile dyeing and ®nishing mill in Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey was evaluated by bioluminescence test using bacteria Vibrio ®scheri in LUMIStox 300. The EC 20 and EC 50 for auxiliaries, the EC 20 for dyestu s were determined. For selected process e uents GLvalues, the dilution level at which a wastewater sample causes less than 20% inhibition, were examined. Our results demonstrate that the toxicity assessment with luminescent bacteria is e ective and of practical use for chemicals applied in textile ®nishing industry with the limitation of the deep dark-colored dye bath samples and for the related e uents. Inhibition e ects of numerous dyestu s as well as auxiliaries to luminescent bacteria di ered considerably with a range 5±600 mg l À1 for EC 20 and 9±6930 mg l À1 for EC 50 , respectively. Among 17 e uents, 1 sample exhibited high toxicity (GL 100), 7 showed moderate toxicity (GL 12±32), and 9 had a GL-value <10 indicating a low or no toxicity. Ó
High graphite N content in nitrogen-doped graphene is synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal reaction, which can catalyze the reduction of nitroarenes by using a small amount of NaBH4 in water with high yield.
To determine the effect of moisture regain of wool on atmospheric pressure plasma treatment results, wool fibers and fabrics conditioned in 100% relative humidity (RH) and 65% RH were treated by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet with pure helium and helium/oxygen mixed gas, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that scales of wool fiber were smoothened for fibers conditioned in the 100% RH. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that carbon content decreased substantially after the plasma treatment. Surface chemical composition of 100% RH conditioned groups changed more significantly than the 65% RH conditioned groups. Water contact angle decreased significantly after the plasma treatments. In shrinkage test, plasma-treated wool fabrics preconditioned in 100% RH showed the lowest shrinkage ratios of 5% and 6%, below 8% is required for machine-washable wool fabrics according to ISO standard.
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