Introduction Adolescence is a critical period for physical and mental development. The effect of early life stress on mood disorders has been intensively studied in adults using rodent models, but it has been less studied in adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the effect of early life stress on anxiety‐related and depression‐like behaviors in adolescent C57BL/6 mice and the sex difference. Methods C57BL/6 mice of both sexes were used, and early life stressors included maternal separation (MS, P2‐12, 4 hr per day), restraint stress (RS, P33 to 39, 4 hr per day), and their combination (MRS). Open field test, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming test were performed at different time points during adolescence and adulthood. Results It was found that MS did not affect the anxiety‐related behaviors of both males and females tested on P30‐31 and P41‐42. RS decreased the anxiety level in adolescent males but did not affect it in the females. MS, RS, and MRS all significantly increased the depression‐like behavior in adolescent males, but only MRS increased the depression‐like behavior in adolescent females. All effects on adolescent males and females did not persist into adulthood. Conclusion The present results showed that early life stress affected anxiety‐related and depression‐like behavior in adolescent mice in manners depending on the nature of stress, the developmental period, and sex.

Results underscored the potential utility of considering specific pre-surgery pain- and surgery-related beliefs as factors that predict patient experiences of acute and chronic post-operative pain.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients may suffer from comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms including mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Although comorbidity of MCI is common, there are currently no validated plasma biomarkers to aid MCI diagnosis. This study screened plasma from patients with RA with and without comorbid MCI to identify potential biomarkers useful in the differential diagnosis of comorbid MCI. Plasma samples were collected from patients with RA without comorbid MCI, with comorbid MCI, and from healthy controls. Plasma samples were examined by tandem mass tags (TMT) combined with two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MSMS) to analyze protein expression. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by bioinformatics and validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 746 reliable proteins and 158 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Fourteen patients with RA-MCI showed differential protein expression (six proteins upregulated and eight proteins downregulated) compared with those patients without MCI and with healthy controls. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were primarily involved in biological processes, such as cell adhesion, coagulation, apoptosis, and body fluid regulation. The results of the ELISA experiments, similar to those of the proteomic analysis, demonstrated that sonic hedgehog (SHH) was upregulated and serum paraoxonase (TTR) was downregulated in patients with RA-MCI. These results indicate that SHH and TTR may be candidate plasma biomarkers that could be used to distinguish patients with RA and comorbid MCI from those without comorbid MCI.

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Together, these findings underscored the potential utility of CTA as a means of identifying patient subgroups with higher and lower risk for severe acute postoperative pain based on interacting characteristics.