This paper contributes to the existing debate on the co-location hypothesis, by devising a proximity measure and controlling for a set of other urban form measures. Utilizing the LEHD (Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics) Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) data that provide the number of jobs by a finer geography, this paper measured the degree of centralization, proximity, and job–housing mismatch. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the job–worker proximity leads to a shorter commuting time. In addition, the results focusing on suburban areas revealed that the impact of the job–worker imbalance and the impact of job–worker mismatch on the commuting time are greater in the suburb in comparison with the city center.
South Korea became an aging society in 2000 and will become a super-aged nation in 2026. The extended life expectancy and earlier retirement make workers’ preparation for retirement more difficult, and that hardship might lead to poorer living conditions after retirement. As annuity payments are, in general, not enough for retirees to maintain their previous standard of living after retirement, retired households would have to liquidate their financial and real assets to cover household expenditures. As housing takes the biggest share of households’ total assets in Korea, it seems to be natural for retirees to downsize their houses. However, there is no consensus in the housing literature on housing downsizing, and the debate is still ongoing. In order to understand whether or not housing downsizing by retirees occurs in Korea, this paper examines the impact of the timing of retirement on housing consumption using an econometric model of housing tenure choice and the consumption for housing. The results show that the early retirement group living in more populated region does not downsize the house, while the timing of retirement is negatively associated with housing consumption for the late retirement group living in the peripheral region.
Measuring resilience to natural hazards is a central issue in the hazard mitigation sciences. This paper applied a confirmatory factor methodology to operationalize the biophysical, built-environment, and socioeconomic resilience dimensions for local jurisdictions in large urban metropolitan areas in South Korea. Mapping the factor scores of the dimensions revealed great spatial variations. The factor covariances showed a trade-off relationship between natural infrastructure and human activities. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify the localities into heterogeneous groups with respect to the identified resilience dimensions. Densely developed and affluent urban areas tend to lack biophysical resilience. Some local governments, sorted into the same groups, turn out to be located in different metropolitan areas. The spatial variation and inequality in the resilience dimensions suggest the necessity of integrated and flexible governance for sustainable hazard mitigation.
The 4th Industrial Revolution is a new wave of digital innovation. Driverless cars, smart robotics, internet of things (IoT), and other technological changes are happening in our daily life. The notion of smart cities is closely related to the new industrial revolution. We might think of the emergence of smart cities as the realization of the 4th industrial revolution in the spatial context. Many cities around the world are preparing to be smart cities via urban regeneration. In recognizing these changes, this paper tries to understand what the new industrial revolution brings to us, how the new digital revolution acts in our cities, and how urban regeneration can utilize the advent of the new wave of the groundbreaking innovation. This study illustrates why smart technologies are necessary in the urban regeneration process, and what the opportunities and threats in the decentralized and self-generating framework in the new era. We observe that the top-down decision-making procedure might be inefficient. Equally, the fully decentralized and fragmented system will increase the level of risk in the urban regeneration projects. The key element of success is the capacity of the central and local government to build the communication infrastructure and to facilitate the interplay among the participation in the projects.
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