Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were demonstrated as prospective candidates to traditional solar cells due to their low‐cost, easy fabrication and excellent opto‐electronic properties. In this study, a quality p‐type semiconductor nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) nanosheet layer was prepared on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via a simple solution thermal method, which was applied as hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) in typical inverted PSCs. The perovskite layer was synthesized by a fast‐crystallization method to form a full coverage film on NiCo2O4 nanosheet layer, which can avoid short circuit of contacting PCBM with NiCo2O4, increase the carrier transportation at the interface and hence lead to less recombination process. Fine crystalline perovskite on NiCo2O4 have a fast hole‐extraction, leading to a champion efficiency of 18.6 % without hysteresis, which indicates the possible replacement of organic HTMs to fabricate low‐cost and highly stable PSCs.
In order to solve these problems such as the demand of geographic information service and the short life of the embedded system, as well as network collapse, and so on, the embedded mobile crowd service systems based on opportunistic geological grid and dynamical split was proposed. Firstly, based on the characteristics of geographical spatial information resources and service time series, a mobile geographic crowd service system was established for providing the sensing data with the mobile geographic crowd service model. Then, according to the embedded equipment complex data of the geographic crowd service system, and the relationship between the geography information service object and the user, the embedded system was proposed based on the opportunity geological grid. Finally, the optimization of the geographic crowd system was realized by the dynamic segmentation of the opportunity geographic grid. The experiment results of the equipment utilization, the life cycle of the crowd network, user satisfaction, and control complexity show that the proposed scheme is more suitable for the embedded network geographic information system.
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