Abstract. The regional transport of air pollutants, controlled by emission
sources and meteorological factors, results in a complex source–receptor
relationship of air pollution change. Wuhan, a metropolis in the Yangtze
River middle basin (YRMB) of central China, experienced heavy air pollution
characterized by hourly PM2.5 concentrations reaching 471.1 µg m−3 in January 2016. To investigate the regional transport of
PM2.5 over central eastern China (CEC) and the meteorological impact on
wintertime air pollution in the YRMB area, observed meteorological and other
relevant environmental data from January 2016 were analyzed. Our analysis
presented noteworthy cases of heavy PM2.5 pollution in the YRMB area
with unique “non-stagnant” meteorological conditions of strong northerly
winds, no temperature inversion, and additional unstable structures in the
atmospheric boundary layer. This unique set of conditions differed from the
stagnant meteorological conditions characterized by near-surface weak winds,
air temperature inversion, and stable structure in the boundary layer that
are typically observed in heavy air pollution over most regions in China.
The regional transport of PM2.5 over CEC aggravated PM2.5 levels,
thus creating heavy air pollution in the YRMB area. This demonstrates a
source–receptor relationship between the originating air pollution regions
in CEC and the receiving YRMB region. Furthermore, a backward trajectory
simulation using a Flexible Particle dispersion (FLEXPART) Weather Research and
Forecasting (WRF) model to integrate the air pollutant
emission inventory over China was used to explore the patterns of regional
transport of PM2.5 governed by the strong northerly winds in the cold
air activity of the East Asian winter monsoon season. It was estimated that
the regional transport of PM2.5 from non-local air pollutant emissions
contributes more than 65 % of the PM2.5 concentrations to the heavy
air pollution in the YRMB region during the study period, revealing the
importance of the regional transport of air pollutants over China as a
causative factor of heavy air pollution over the YRMB area.
This work for the first time analyzed the vertical structures of the different stages of Meiyu precipitation systems over the Yangtze-Huai River Valley in central China using measurements and retrievals from the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM-DPR) and Feng Yun satellites. GPM-DPR-retrieved near-surface rain and drop size distributions were first validated against the surface disdrometer measurements and showed good agreement. Then we analyzed three cases from the Integrative Monsoon Frontal Rainfall Experiment to demonstrate the different characteristics of convective precipitation and stratiform precipitation (SP) in the developing, mature, and dissipating stages of the Meiyu precipitation systems, respectively. For statistical analysis, all Meiyu cases during the period 2016-2018 detected by GPM-DPR were collected and classified into different types and stages.In the stratiform regions of Meiyu precipitation systems, coalescence slightly overwhelms breakup and/or evaporation processes, but it was dominant in the convective regions when raindrops fall. There were large numbers of large ice particles during the developing stage due to strong updrafts and abundant moisture, whereas there were both large ice and liquid particles in the mature stage. The vertical structures of the SP examined in this study were similar to those over the ocean regions due to high relative humidity but different to the mountainous west regions of the USA. The findings of the stage-dependent SP vertical structures provide better understanding of the evolution of monsoon frontal precipitation, as well as the associated microphysical properties, and provide insights to improve microphysical parameterization in future models.
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