Atomic-force microscopic images, x-ray diffraction patterns, Urbach energies and photoluminescence quenching experiments show that the interfacial contact quality between the hydrophobic [6,6]-phenyl-C61-buttric acid methyl ester (PCBM) thin film and hydrophilic CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) thin film can be effectively improved by using a binary antisolvent mixture (toluene:dichloromethane or chlorobenzene:dichloromethane) in the anti-solvent mixture-mediated nucleation process, which increases the averaged power conversion efficiency of the resultant PEDOT:PSS (P3CT-Na) thin film based MAPbI3 solar cells from 13.18% (18.52%) to 13.80% (19.55%). Beside, the use of 10% dichloromethane (DCM) in the binary antisolvent mixture results in a nano-textured MAPbI3 thin film with multicrystalline micrometer-sized grains and thereby increasing the short-circuit current density and fill factor (FF) of the resultant solar cells. It is noted that a remarkable FF of 80.33% is achieved, which can be used to explain the stable photovoltaic performance without additional encapsulations.
The methods to enhance contrast ratios (CRs) in scattering-type transflective liquid crystal displays (ST-TRLCDs) based on polymer-network liquid crystal (PNLC) cells are investigated. Two configurations of ST-TRLCDs are studied and are compared with the common ST-TRLCDs. According to the comparisons, CRs are effectively enhanced by assembling a linear polarizer at the suitable position to achieve better dark states in the transmissive and reflective modes of the reported ST-TRLCDs with the optimized configuration, and its main trade-off is the loss of brightness in the reflective modes. The PNLC cell, which works as an electrically switchable polarizer herein, can be a PN-90° twisted nematic LC (PN-90° TNLC) cell or a homogeneous PNLC (H-PNLC) cell. The optoelectric properties of PN-90° TNLC and those of H-PNLC cells are compared in detail, and the results determine that the ST-TRLCD with the optimized configuration using an H-PNLC cell can achieve the highest CR. Moreover, no quarter-wave plate is used in the ST-TRLCD with the optimized configuration, so a parallax problem caused by QWPs can be solved. Other methods for enhancing the CRs of the ST-TRLCDs are also discussed.
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