Keratoconus was the leading indication for keratoplasty in the West of Scotland. Both anterior LK and endothelial keratoplasty seemed to show an emerging trend as the procedures of choice for dealing with anterior and posterior corneal pathologies, respectively.

the models hip fracture was a specific outcome, 94% contained vertebral fractures, and 77% contained wrist/forearm fractures. Eleven models incorporate at least one extraskeletal effect on cost and survival (including breast cancer, coronary heart disease, venous thromboembolism, stroke, and colorectal cancer). Thirty-two (32) of the 48 publications (67%) assume 100% compliance or do not directly mention/ model compliance. The majority of the models take the approach that there was discontinuation and non-compliance in the clinical trials, and that the treatment efficacy rates sourced from the clinical trials are underestimated due to the use of an intention-to-treat paradigm. CONCLUSIONS: The current state of osteoporosis modeling favors a non-cohort Markov approach, with individualized, i.e., microsimulation methodology being increasingly utilized as extraskeletal effects are incorporated. Treatment compliance and extraskeletal effects are extremely important in modeling real-world scenarios, yet they are not incorporated into the majority of the published models. Modeled treatment effectiveness should be properly imputed to account for the intention-to-treat impact of RCT-reported values as well as the reduced benefits of treatment noncompliance.

DALK poses new challenges for histopathological examination of corneal buttons. Awareness of DALK-related histopathological characteristics should be raised among ocular pathologists and ophthalmologists in view of the increasing popularity of this technique.

Background: Various techniques of opponensplasty have been developed with the aim of restoring the thumb function. The modified Camitz opponensplasty is a simple technique done together with an open carpal tunnel release. It restores thumb palmar abduction soon after the procedure, during such time that the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) is still recovering. The aim of this study was to assess the recovery and level of activity of the abductor pollicis brevis and palmaris longus (PL) muscles during thumb opposition and abduction after performing the modified Camitz opponensplasty. Methods: The records of 21 patients who underwent modified Camitz opponensplasty for severe carpal tunnel syndrome were reviewed. Thumb function was evaluated using the Van Wetter Apogee test, Kapandji index, tripod pinch strength, and power grip. Electromyography was utilized to evaluate APB recovery; ultrasonography was employed to evaluate PL activity. Results: Twenty patients reached 80% of the abduction height of the contralateral hand; the Kapandji index was good in thirteen. Palmaris longus activity was evaluated together with the APB muscle recovery. There was significant improvement in the average grip strength and average tripod pinch strength. However, this did not correlate with the degree of neurologic and muscular recovery of the APB. We surmise that the palmaris longus augmented the abductor pollicis brevis muscle even in those with full muscle recovery. Conclusions: The modified Camitz opponensplasty is a practical option for patients suffering from severe carpal tunnel syndrome with diminished thumb function.

There were no clinical predictors of outcome identified, but aortopexy is a safe effective procedure for children with severe tracheomalacia.