[1] We investigate the chemical evolution of dust particles and examine the magnitudes of reaction probability (g) of sulfate and nitrate precursors (such as H 2 SO 4 , SO 2 , N 2 O 5 , and HNO 3 ) onto dust particles in East Asia. For this investigation, three data sets from ACE-Asia U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) C130 flights 6, 7, and 8 and three data sets from measurements in Seoul were analyzed. During the selected dust storm periods, large amounts of CO 3 2À still remained in fine-mode dust particles (Dp < $1.3 mm). ] equivalences) for the three C130 flights were 0.87, 0.68, and 0.39, respectively, and the average CO 3 2À fractions for the three data sets in Seoul ranged from 0.43 to 0.86. The degrees of chemical evolution of mineral dust indicated by the CO 3 2À fractions were significantly smaller than those reported in previous dust chemistry transport modeling studies conducted with the assumption of aerosol internal mixing. Our analysis suggests that this could be due to the use of excessively high g values in the model simulations, as further confirmed in this study with Lagrangian photochemical model simulations conducted with both the constraints observed by ACE-Asia C130 flights and the initial concentrations obtained by U.S.-EPA Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling over East Asia. It is also found in this study that the magnitudes of gs are closely related with aerosol mixing state. In order to confirm this we conducted Lagrangian model simulations for an example case under the assumption of aerosol external mixing. Under this assumption the formations of sulfate and nitrate on/in fine-mode mineral dust are greatly limited because of small gs onto mineral dust (g Dust ) and low precursor concentrations. However, it is also recommended that for more precise evaluations of g Dust , a more sophisticated Lagrangian type of photochemical modeling is necessary. In addition, in this study a possible dependence of the g values on relative humidity (RH) is also investigated. On the basis of our analysis we suggest that particular attention should be paid to the issue of the RH-dependent g in future dust chemistry transport modeling studies with the issue of aerosol mixing state.

Stability properties of the negative-mass instability in a rotating annular electron beam (E layer) are investigated, in connection with applications on the cusptron microwave tubes. The analysis is carried out for an infinitely long E layer propagating through a magnetron-type conducting wall and propagating parallel to an applied axial magnetic field. It is assumed that the E layer is thin and very tenuous. A closed algebraic dispersion relation of the negative-mass instability is obtained, including the important influence of conducting boundaries on the mode control in microwave generation and amplification. It is shown that for typical present experimental beam parameters, the gain of the cusptron normalized to the excitation frequency can be comparable to that of the gyrotron. Moreover, under the appropriate geometric configuration, perturbations with azimuthal mode number N are dominantly unstable. This optimizes the microwave power output of the radiation with frequency ω≂Nωc, where ωc is the electron cyclotron frequency and N is the resonator number in the conducting wall.

PLOTS OF NORMALIZED GROWTH RATE nxRh/c VERSUS w h/C OBTAINED FROM EQUATION (26) FOR 0-0.8, (a) Ob-0.715 FOR (t,s)-(0.0), (b) b-0.716 FOR (t,s)-(10,10) AND (c) O b-0.716 FOR (t,s)-(20,20