Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) spread from China to more than 30 countries, causing severe outbreaks of atypical pneumonia and over 800 deaths worldwide. CoV primarily infects the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract; however, SARS-CoV has a unique pathogenesis because it infects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and leads to human respiratory diseases. SARS-CoV genome has shown containing 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and 8 of them encode novel proteins. Previous reports show that overexpression of ORF-3a, ORF-3b and ORF-7a induce apoptosis. In this report, we demonstrate that overexpression of ORF-6 also induces apoptosis and that Caspase-3 inhibitor and JNK inhibitor block ORF-6 induced apoptosis. Importantly, the protein level of ER chaperon protein, GRP94, was up-regulated when ORF-6 was overexpressed. All these data suggest that ORF-6 induces apoptosis via Caspase-3 mediated, ER stress and JNK-dependent pathways.
Abstract:We consider the problem of scheduling jobs on-line on batch processing machines with dynamic job arrivals to minimize makespan. A batch processing machine can handle up to B jobs simultaneously. The jobs that are processed together form a batch, and all jobs in a batch start and complete at the same time. The processing time of a batch is given by the longest processing time of any job in the batch. Each job becomes available at its arrival time, which is unknown in advance, and its processing time becomes known upon its arrival. In the first part of this paper, we address the single batch processing machine scheduling problem. First we deal with two variants: the unbounded model where B is sufficiently large and the bounded model where jobs have two distinct arrival times. For both variants, we provide on-line algorithms with worst-case ratio ( √ 5 + 1)/2 (the inverse of the Golden ratio) and prove that these results are the best possible. Furthermore, we generalize our algorithms to the general case and show a worst-case ratio of 2. We then consider the unbounded case for parallel batch processing machine scheduling. Lower bounds are given, and two on-line algorithms are presented.
Background: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis is mediated by IRE1␣-JNK pathway. Results: Knockdown or inactivation of RNF13 results in resistance to ER stress-induced apoptosis, whereas RNF13 overexpression induces JNK activation and apoptosis. RNF13 interacts with IRE1␣ to promote JNK activation and apoptosis. Conclusion: RNF13 mediates ER stress-induced apoptosis through IRE1␣/JNK pathway. Significance: RNF13 is a novel regulator of ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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