SUMMARYThe e ciency of Simple Genetic Algorithm (SGA) can be improved by some strategies. They are elitest strategy, multi-point crossover, identiÿcation of passive design variables, gradual increase of penalty parameter, and bit-wise local search. Topology optimization using GA is also discussed in this paper and examples are given. Five numerical examples show the e ciency and the optimum solutions of GA are greatly improved by these strategies. ? 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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