Our results show evidence that the P. gingivalis-soaked ligature-induced murine model mounts an adequate inflammatory response and exhibits periodontal tissue breakdown compatible with other models of periodontal disease. In addition, alveolar bone loss can accurately be quantified using any of the three alveolar bone analyses presented in this article.
Cephalometric tracing is a standard analysis tool for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a fully automatic landmark annotation (FALA) system for finding cephalometric landmarks in lateral cephalograms and its application to the classification of skeletal malformations. Digital cephalograms of 400 subjects (age range: 7–76 years) were available. All cephalograms had been manually traced by two experienced orthodontists with 19 cephalometric landmarks, and eight clinical parameters had been calculated for each subject. A FALA system to locate the 19 landmarks in lateral cephalograms was developed. The system was evaluated via comparison to the manual tracings, and the automatically located landmarks were used for classification of the clinical parameters. The system achieved an average point-to-point error of 1.2 mm, and 84.7% of landmarks were located within the clinically accepted precision range of 2.0 mm. The automatic landmark localisation performance was within the inter-observer variability between two clinical experts. The automatic classification achieved an average classification accuracy of 83.4% which was comparable to an experienced orthodontist. The FALA system rapidly and accurately locates and analyses cephalometric landmarks in lateral cephalograms, and has the potential to significantly improve the clinical work flow in orthodontic treatment.
Engineering the cellular microenvironment has great potential to create a platform technology toward engineering of tissue and organs. This study aims to engineer a neural microenvironment through fabrication of threedimensional (3D) engineered collagen matrixes mimicking in-vivo-like conditions. Collagen was chemically modified with a pentapeptide epitope consisting of isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine (IKVAV) to mimic laminin structure supports of the neural extracellular matrix (ECM). Three-dimensional collagen matrixes with and without IKVAV peptide modification were fabricated by freeze-drying technology and chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Structural information of 3D collagen matrixes indicated interconnected pores structure with an average pore size of 180 μm. Our results indicated that culture of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in 3D collagen matrix was greatly influenced by 3D culture method and significantly enhanced with engineered collagen matrix conjugated with IKVAV peptide. It may be concluded that an appropriate 3D culture of neurons enables DRG to positively improve the cellular fate toward further acceleration in tissue regeneration. KEYWORDS: Tissue engineering, 3D matrix, peptide, collagen, IKVAV E ngineering the cellular microenvironment is very important to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) models toward better understanding of cell−tissue interactions and regenerative medicine technology.1−5 Biodegradable materials are at the core of fabrication of 3D engineered tissues together with cell culture technology. Three-dimensional in vitro technology aims to create a platform filed that are suitable for cell−cell interactions as they do in vivo. We are not able to mimic these interactions in common tissue culture dishes or 2D in vitro culture systems. Therefore, such an engineered design would be necessary to address the above challenges. Natural extracellular matrix (ECM) plays important roles in creating microenvironment for cell−cell as well as cell−tissue interactions. Therefore, 3D in vitro models should have similar structure as ECM does. These similarities are in terms of biological, chemical, and physical composition. Several 3D structures have been already developed for cell culture in scaffolds since they provide larger surface area for cell attachment and proliferation than 2D tissue culture dishes. 6−10This study aims is to establish a simple 3D in vitro platform technology to analyze the proliferation capability of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells under in-vivo-like conditions. We characterized and studied cellular behavior of DRG cells by testing their potential proliferation by culturing them in an invivo-like condition. The data described in the current study suggests that this approach may be widely applicable to many stem cell populations. In the present technology, the molecular design of such an in-vivo-like condition was undertaken to design a 3D collagen matrix incorporated the pentapeptide epitope isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine (IKVAV)...
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