Conversion of cellulose to the platform chemical, 5hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), is of importance to the manufacture of a variety of bio-chemicals and biofuels. However, low mass and heat transfer between a solid catalyst and the cellulose particles severely hampers the efficiency of cellulose conversion. In effort to conquer the obstacle, a series of Ndoped mesoporous carbon materials (MCNs) were prepared and employed to catalyze cellulose to HMF by use of the temperature-responsive HCl-releasing effect of MCNs. In this way, acid-base dual catalytic environments can be constructed for efficient conversion of cellulose to HMF. MCN-2-DH⋅nHCl is capable of adsorbing chemically 1.07 mmol HCl/g at room temperature and releasing about 1.01 mmol HCl/g when being heated to 220°C. It is found that MCN-2-DH⋅nHCl is an excellent catalyst for cellulose conversion, yielding 52.6% HMF, 27.6% reducing sugars and 4.1% levulinic acid with a cellulose conversion of 96.4% after reacting at 220°C for 80 min. A total carbon yield of 84.3% can be achieved. Moreover, four times of recycling tests demonstrate that MCN-2-DH⋅nHCl possesses good temperature-responsive stability in aqueous solution.
The convenient cross‐coupling of sp2 or sp3 carbons with a specific boron vertex on carborane cage represents significant synthetic values and insurmountable challenges. In this work, we report an Rh‐catalyzed reaction between o‐carborane and N‐acyl‐glutarimides to construct various Bcage−C bonds. Under the optimized condition, the removable imine directing group (DG) leads to B(3)− or B(3,6)−C couplings, while the pyridyl DG leads to B(3,5)−Ar coupling. In particular, an unexpected rearrangement of amide reagent is observed in pyridyl directed B(4)−C(sp3) formation. This scalable protocol has many advantages, including easy access, the use of cheap and widely available coupling agents, no requirement of an external ligand, base or oxidant, high efficiency, and a broad substrate scope. Leveraging the RhI dimer and twisted amides, this method enables straightforward access to diversely substituted and therapeutically important carborane derivatives at boron site, and provides a highly valuable vista for carborane‐based drug screening.
PurposeBased on the self-concept perspective, the purpose of this paper is to explore the process of working mothers who conduct job crafting to build new role identities and self-efficacy, which ultimately affects work-to-family enrichment. The paper further explores the moderating role of inclusive leadership.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data at two time points. The sample for the study consisted of 216 professional working mothers in China who returned to work after the birth of their first child.FindingsResults show that working mothers' job crafting had a positive effect on work-to-family enrichment. In addition, working mothers' role identity and role self-efficacy played mediating roles between the links. Finally, inclusive leadership moderates the indirect effect of task crafting and relational crafting on work-to-family enrichment through role identity and role self-efficacy. The positive indirect relationships are stronger in high levels of inclusive leadership.Practical implicationsThe employers should provide opportunities, support, and freedom for working mothers to craft their jobs according to their individual demands for better self and home outcomes.Originality/valueThis study focuses on the job crafting of working mothers. The authors extend the consequences of job crafting to the nonwork domain. In addition, this study uncovers the influence of job crafting from the perspective of self-concept (i.e. role identity and role self-efficacy). Furthermore, the authors demonstrate the moderating role played by inclusive leadership in this process.
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