An inexpensive, simple and environmentally friendly method based on dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) for rapid determination of benzene derivatives in water samples was proposed. A significant improvement of DLLME procedure was achieved. Trace volume ethyl acetate (60 lL) was exploited as dispersion solvent instead of common ones such as methanol and acetone, the volume of which was more than 0.5 mL, and the organic solvent required in DLLME was reduced to a great extent. Only 83-lL organic solvent was consumed in the whole analytic process and the preconcentration procedure was less than 10 min. The advantageous approach coupled with gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector was proposed for the rapid determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers in water samples. Results showed that the proposed approach was an efficient method for rapid determination of benzene derivatives in aqueous samples.
Fractions of 8 heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and As) in sludges from two typical coking wastewater treatment plants were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) using the modified the European Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure as the pretreatment technology. The sludges from biological, coagulation deposition units and the discharged sludges of two plants were sampled and the exchangeable, reducible, oxidable, residual fraction and the total content were determined. The oxidable or residual fraction was the predominant fraction in various sludges and on the contrary that the values of the exchangeable and reducible fractions were much lower. Poor biological availability and low potential environment risk of heavy metals was found in sludges from typical coking wastewater treatment plants. Further results of cluster analysis conducted by SPSS that the units with similar conditions could be classed together identified that the unit condition was one key factor affecting on the fraction of heavy metals in sludges.
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