Laser acupuncture (LA) has been more applicated in the clinical practice with good responses, but the dosage and parameter settings are still inconsistent with the arguments. This study is focused on the effect of LA on heart rate variability (HRV) with different energy density (ED). Based on the Arndt–Schulz law, we hypothesized that the effective range should fall within 0.01 to 10 J/cm2 of ED, and settings above 10 J/cm2 would perform opposite or inhibitory results. We recruited healthy adults in both sexes as subjects and choose bilateral PC6 (Neiguan) as the intervention points to observe the HRV indexes changes by an external wrist autonomic nerve system (ANS) watch on the left forearm. The data from the ANS watch, including heart rate, blood pressure, and ANS activity indexes, such as low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF%, HF%, LF/HF ratio, and so on, were analyzed by the one-way ANOVA method to test the possible effect. In this study, every subject received all three different EDs of LA in a randomized order. After analyzing the data of 20 subjects, the index of HF% was upward and LF/HF ratio was downward when the ED was 7.96 J/cm2. Otherwise, the strongest ED 23.87 J/cm2 performed the opposite reaction. Appropriately, LA intervention could affect the ANS activities, with the tendency to increase the ratio of parasympathetic and decrease the ratio of sympathetic nerve system activities with statistically significant results, and different ED interventions are consistent with Arndt–Schulz law with opposite performance below and above 10 J/cm2.
Background Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are the primary modalities to assess donors' vessels before transplant surgery. Radiation and contrast medium are potentially harmful to donors. Purpose To compare the image quality and visualization scores of hepatic arteries on CTA and balanced steady‐state free‐precession (bSSFP) non‐contrast‐enhanced MRA (NC‐MRA), and to evaluate if bSSFP NC‐MRA can potentially be a substitute for CTA. Study Type Prospective. Population Fifty‐six consecutive potential living‐related liver donors (30.9 ± 8.4 years; 31 men). Field Strength/Sequence 1.5T; four bSSFP NC‐MRA sequences: respiratory‐triggered (Inhance inflow inversion recovery [IFIR]) and three breath‐hold (BH); and CTA. Assessment The artery‐to‐liver contrast (Ca‐l) was quantified. Three radiologists independently assigned visualization scores using a four‐point scale to potential origins, segments, and branches of the hepatic arteries, determined the anatomical variants based on Hiatt's classification, and assessed the image quality of NC‐MRA sequences. Statistical Tests Fleiss' kappa to evaluate the readers' agreement. Repeat measured ANOVA or Friedman test to compare Ca‐l of each NC‐MRA. Friedman test to compare overall image quality and visualization scores; post hoc analysis using Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Inhance IFIR Ca‐l was significantly higher than all BH bSSFP Ca‐l (0.56 [0.45–0.64] vs. 0.37 [0.29–0.47] to 0.41 [0.23–0.51]). Overall image quality score of BH bSSFP TI1200 was significantly higher than other NC‐MRA (4 [4–4] vs. 4 [3 to 4–4]). The median visualization scores of almost all arteries on CTA were significantly higher than on NC‐MRA (4 [3 to 4–4] vs. 1 [1–2] to 4 [4–4]). The median visualization scores were all 4 [4–4 ] on Inhance IFIR with >92.3% observed scores ≥3, except the segment 4 branch (3 [1–4], 53.6%). The identification rates of arterial variants were 92.9%–97% on Inhance IFIR. Data Conclusions Although CTA is superior to the NC‐MRA, all NC‐MRA depict the donor arterial anatomy well. Inhance IFIR can potentially be an alternative image modality for CTA to evaluate the arterial variants of living donors. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 2
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