Germinated brown rice (GBR) is a popular functional food containing considerable amounts of beneficial nutrients and bioactive compounds. Here, autoclaving at 115°C for 20 min was employed to process GBR (AGBR) to evaluate the effect of autoclaving on the nutritional and health function of GBR in microstructure, taste value, aroma, as well as the physiological ingredients. The results showed that autoclaving treatment influenced the starch gelatinization and aroma to improve the taste of cooked AGBR. Autoclaving treatment significantly increased the gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ferulic acid levels of AGBR (p < .05). In addition, consuming AGBR for 1 month significantly decreased the fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 0.5, 1, and 2 hr postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c) in metabolic syndrome (MS) patients (p < .05). Therefore, autoclaving treatment, as a promising processing strategy, may both improve the sensory attributes and the nutrition of GBR.
Tannases are a family of esterases that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester and depside bonds present in hydrolyzable tannins to release gallic acid. Here, a novel tannase from Lachnospiraceae bacterium (TanALb) was characterized. The recombinant TanALb exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.0 and 50°C, and it maintained more than 70% relative activity from 30°C to 55°C. The activity of TanALb was enhanced by Mg2+ and Ca2+, and was dramatically reduced by Cu2+ and Mn2+. TanALb is capable of degrading esters of phenolic acids with long-chain alcohols, such as lauryl gallate as well as tannic acid. The Km value and catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km) of TanALb toward five substrates showed that tannic acid (TA) was the favorite substrate. Homology modeling and structural analysis indicated that TanALb contains an insertion loop (residues 341–450). Based on the moleculer docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, this loop was observed as a flap-like lid to interact with bulk substrates such as tannic acid. TanALb is a novel bacterial tannase, and the characteristics of this enzyme make it potentially interesting for industrial use.
Potassium (K) is an essential plant nutrient. The significance of potassium can be appreciated by observing plants grown under K + -deficient conditions, which greatly restricts growth and development and results in loss of crop quality and yield. Flax (Linum usttatissimum L.) is a significant economic crop that is often negatively impacted by K + deficiency. To highlight K + deficiency response mechanisms and increase flax potassium absorption and utilization ratio, flax variety Sofie was studied by studying seedlings after growing with or without K + supply for 12h and 96h. cDNA was sequenced using an Illumina system. Genes involved in different regulatory mechanisms of K + -uptake during 12h and 96h stress were identified. In the K + -starvation group, 1154 and 247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered after 12h and 96h of starvation, respectively. The results showed that 546 DEGs were annotated to 46 transcription factor families, 262 DEGs were annotated to signal transduction proteins or as participants in signal transduction pathways, 102 DEGs were annotated to hormone response proteins and 106 DEGs were annotated to transporter proteins. Multiple ion channels were also identified among the DEGs, including ion channel proteins homologous to AKT channels, KAT channels and CNG ion channels. This is the first study to analyze molecular response mechanisms of the flax transcriptome in response to K + deficiency. These data provide numerous candidate genes with K + deficiency that should guide future studies to elucidate plant strategies for adaptation to potassium deficiency.
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