The big success in marine shale gas exploration and production made China the third country worldwide to commercialize shale gas development. However, the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in and around the Sichuan Basin are currently the only targets that have realized shale gas industrial development. Great challenges are emerging since tremendous shale gas resources of marine facies, continental facies, and transitional facies that are trapped in new areas and multiple other formations are yet to be successfully developed. Thus, we find it a great necessity to provide suggestions on shale gas exploration and development in China, which hopefully can be helpful for global shale gas exploitation. To meet this goal, this work provides a critical review on the history and current status of China’s shale gas exploration and development and summarizes key practical experiences. In the light of characteristic analysis of typical industrial gas fields and wells, research status, problems and challenges, along with suggestions on pivotal scientific issues are addressed including the development of organic-rich shales, reservoir types and characteristics, shale gas content, and the main controlling factors on shale gas enrichment. Further, future directions of shale gas exploration and development are nailed down, incorporating three levels: areas to improve development technology, areas to seek exploration breakthrough, and areas to conduct preliminary studies. The normal-pressure and deep shale gas retained in the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in and around the Sichuan Basin are the first level, which are the most realistic resources that can be commercially developed. For the normal-pressure shale gas, detailed research on the sweet spot selection, drilling–encounter ratio enhancement, and cost minimization by advanced technologies are most imperative; for the deep shale gas, state-of-the-art technology to maximize the stimulated reservoir volume of lateral wells is the key. Gas resources in other shale formations in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery such as the Cambrian marine shales, Permian transitional shales, and Jurassic continental shales are the second level, which have the greatest prospective to claim exploration breakthroughs, while shale gas resources in other basins or regions still demand grand scientific and technological tasks for exploration and development preparation. All in all, as a country with diverse shale gas types and such intricate geological and surface conditions, the summary of China’s shale gas exploration and development practices is of vital significance that will not only shed light on China’s shale gas development directions but also provide references for the shale gas industry in other countries and regions.

Organic matter (OM) pores are crucial to porosity in many shale gas reservoirs, but the origin and types of OM pores remain controversial. In this paper, the OM types are systematically identified and analyzed in the Wufeng−Longmaxi Formations from wells JY 1 and JY 2 in the Jiaoshiba gas field, Sichuan Basin. The results indicate that the OM comprises several hydrocarbon-generating organisms, such as various algae (multi-and unicellular algae, colonial algae, acritarch, etc.), graptolite, sponge spicule, and other fossil fragments, as well as several amorphous OM types, such as solid bitumen and strongly compacted algae. The OM pores have inherited the morphology and structure of multicellular algae and are commonly hundreds of nanometers, some of which even reach micrometer size, exhibiting irregular, bubble-like, spherical, and/or elliptical shapes. In the unicellular algae, only a small amount of OM pores are observed, which are isolated and distributed randomly. The OM pores, either irregular or oval, are tens to more than 100 nm, which are developed by the arrangement gap between the unicellular algae, and some are generated inside the unicellular algae by hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. Two types of OM pores developed in solid bitumen, including bitumen−spherulite pores and vesicular pores. The bitumen−spherulite pores are formed by the arrangement of nanoscale bitumen−spherulite with a pore diameter of nanometer scale. The vesicular pores are formed by gas generation and expulsion after oil cracking, and the shape is mostly sporadic, isolated with various sizes ranging from 500 nm to 3 μm. The OM pores in graptolite, sponge spicule, radiolarian, and other fossil fragments are much fewer in quantity and smaller in size. The OM pores may have only developed on the surface of graptolite. The pores are commonly developed in the walls of the fossil fragments and in the solid bitumen by filling in the biological cavity of the sponge spicule. Therefore, it is concluded that the OM types are the pivotal causes of different OM pore types and properties. Multicellular algae are most beneficial to OM pore development, serving as the major producer of OM pores. In the profile of the Wufeng−Longmaxi shales, the vertical variation of OM types and OM pores are diverse in different graptolitic zones. The dominant hydrocarbon-generating organisms in the WF2−LM4 graptolitic zone are multicellular algae and graptolite, followed by a small number of unicellular algae, sponge spicule, radiolarian, and other fossil fragments. The OM pores are mainly developed in multicellular algae and graptolite, with only a few developed in solid bitumen and unicellular algae. In the LM5− LM8 graptolitic zone, however, the hydrocarbon-generating organisms are primarily unicellular algae, with little multicellular algae, graptolite, sponge spicule, and other fossil fragments. The OM pores are mainly developed in unicellular algae and solid bitumen. The new findings provide evidence to support the proposal that multicellular algae are th...

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A systematic comparative analysis of shale reservoir characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi (O3 w-S1 l) and Niutitang (Є1 n) Formations in southeastern Sichuan Basin and its neighboring areas was conducted with respect to mineralogy, organic geochemistry, pore structure, methane sorption, brittleness, and fractures. Results indicate that (1) organic matter (OM)-hosted pores that are hundreds of nanometers to micrometers in size in the Longmaxi shale are well-developed in migrated OM rather than in the in situ OM, and they are the dominant reservoir spaces. Furthermore, the total organic carbon (TOC), brittleness, organic pores, and bedding fractures have good synergistic development relationships. However, there are fewer OM-hosted pores in the Niutitang shale; they are smaller in size, usually less than 30 nm, and have a more complicated pore structure. The intergranular pores in cataclastic organic-inorganic mineral fragments are the dominant reservoir spaces in the Niutitang shale and are coupled with stronger methane sorption and desorption capacities. (2) The piecewise correlation between TOC and brittleness indicates the significant differences in pore and fracture characteristics. When the TOC [Formula: see text], the TOC, brittleness, organic/inorganic pores, and fractures synergistically develop; when the TOC [Formula: see text], even though the increase in ductility reduces the number of fractures, the lower cohesive strength, internal friction angle, and weaker surfaces of interlayer fractures and cataclastic minerals promote the development of slip fractures, which significantly improves the fracture effectiveness and reservoir spaces for free and absorbed shale gas. (3) The Longmaxi, Wufeng, and Niutitang shales formed and evolved in different evolutionary stages. With the evolution of hydrocarbon generation, diagenesis, tectonic deformation, and pressure, the size and proportion of OM-hosted pores gradually decrease. At the same time, the complexity of the pore-fracture structure, the methane adsorption/desorption capacity, and the proportion of inorganic pores and fractures increase.

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