How do clouds evolve into thunderstorms? Unfortunately, knowledge about the electrification process and the discharge of the first flash in thunderstorms is still limited. Nevertheless, understanding these processes is valuable for developing nowcasting tools and diagnosed parameterization of the first flash in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. In this context, numerous laboratory and field observation studies conducted over the past half-century broadly agree that the non-inductive charge (NIC) mechanism caused by the collision and rebound of graupel particles and ice crystals in the mixed-phase layer (0-40°C), which is supported by airflow within the cloud, plays a very important role in the electrification process of thunderstorms (
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