Probiotics are live microorganisms that can be consumed by humans in amounts sufficient to offer health-promoting effects. Owing to their various biological functions, probiotics are widely used in biological engineering, industry and agriculture, food safety, and the life and health fields. Lactobacillus acidophilus ( L. acidophilus ), an important human intestinal probiotic, was originally isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract and its functions have been widely studied ever since it was named in 1900. L. acidophilus has been found to play important roles in many aspects of human health. Due to its good resistance against acid and bile salts, it has broad application prospects in functional, edible probiotic preparations. In this review, we explore the basic characteristics and biological functions of L. acidophilus based on the research progress made thus far worldwide. Various problems to be solved regarding the applications of probiotic products and their future development are also discussed.
Cuproptosis, the current form of regulated cell death characterized by copper overload, oligomerization of lipoacylated proteins, and loss of Fe-S cluster proteins, has been proposed to function closely with human diseases, including cancer. Since its first identification in 2022, many strategies have been developed to induce cuproptosis for cancer therapy, such as small-molecule drugs and nanomaterials. Although many reviews related to cuproptosis have been reported, they remain at a basic mechanism level, and a summary covering recent progress in the field of nanotechnologies in cuproptosis-based cancer therapy has not yet been presented. Therefore, it is time to fill the gap and shed light on future directions for the application of this promising tool to fight against cancer. In this minireview, we first expounded the mechanism of action of cuproptosis and emphasized the feasibility of triggering cuproptosis for cancer therapy. The recent progress of cancer treatments based on nanoparticle-induced cuproptosis was then described. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of the emerging field of cuproptosis are also discussed.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death worldwide, which propels the development of advanced technologies for CVD diagnosis and treatment. Biomarker-responsive nanomaterials are appealing therapeutic platforms that provide new horizons for CVD theranostics. In this review, recent advances in nanomaterials with endogenous biomarkers as stimuli or targets for CVD theranostics is presented. First, the categories of biomarkers involved are comprehensively itemized based on pathological mechanisms including pH, reactive oxygen species, lipids, enzymes, macrophage receptors, subendothelium components, platelet receptors, inflammation, and osteopontin. The role of these biomarkers in bridge-building between nanomaterials and CVD is then presented. Next, the biomedical applications of nanomaterials responsive to endogenous biomarkers as stimuli or targets for the diagnosis and treatment of CVD are elaborated. Finally, the challenges and future research directions of biomarker-responsive nanomaterials in CVD are also discussed. This review will provide scientific guidance to facilitate clinical applications of biomarker-responsive nanomaterials.
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