Effective grounding is the most important aspect in every electrical installation because it can ensure efficient equipment operation in the event of electrical faults. Measurement data of soil resistivity is used to assess the suitability of the soil for grounding purpose and also to evaluate the structures of the soil. However, the limitation of soil resistivity measurement is various investigations on two‐layer soil structures cannot be performed due to the variation of natural soil structures is limited. Therefore, in this work, modelling of soil resistivity of two‐layer soil structures was proposed using finite element analysis method to estimate the depth of upper layer of non‐homogeneous soil based on the measurement results from Wenner and Schlumberger methods. Also, using the proposed method, the effect of soil resistivity of each layer on the overall two‐layer soil resistivity was investigated. To validate the results obtained from the proposed method, comparison between the FEA results and measured field data was made. It was found that the average error between both results is <3%. From the model that has been developed, the soil properties can be varied, which enhances the information that can be obtained from two‐layer soil structures.
An irregular parts optimal layout method based on artificial neural networks is proposed. The manufacturing process of parts is involved in the layout problem. Every side of shapes is expanded in consideration of the machining allowance. Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and Hopfield artificial neural network are integrated to complete the automatic layout. In the beginning, irregular parts are randomly distributed. Self-Organizing Map is used to look for the best position of the irregular parts by moving them. The overlapping area is gradually reduced to zero. Hopfield neural network is used to rotate each part, and each part's optimum rotating angle is obtained when the neural network is in stable state. The algorithm in this paper can solve the irregular parts layout problem and rectangular parts layout problem in the given region. Examples indicate that this algorithm is effective and practical.
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