A high-precision driver vigilance predictor could be a monetary countermeasure to reduce road accidents. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a well-known measurement parameter to predict driver vigilance state, but the measurement is susceptible to motion artifact due to body movement where the electrocardiogram sensor device had to be worn close to the heart. Thus, this study presents a novel approach to measure the ECG from the driver palms while holding on the steering wheel. In addition, photoplethysmograms (PPG) sensor attached on a driver finger can also measure the similar heart rate pattern, known as pulse rate variability (PRV). Another significant vigilance measurement parameter, respiratory rate variability (RRV), can be derived directly from the ECG with squaring baseline method, without the usage of respiratory sensor. Furthermore, this study is also focusing on the integration of age and gender as vigilance measurement parameter as each individual exhibits distinct signal pattern. Autonomous rules are derived from the dataset performs the kernel fuzzy c-means with "if-then" rules extraction, which subsequently classify the driver vigilance level into two predefined classes, that are drowsy and awake. The vigilance monitoring application is developed in smartwatch, able to perform the features extraction, and then predict the driver vigilance class based on the KFCM trained model. A vibration warning will be triggered to the driver if driver is estimated as drowsy in five consecutive time frames. In fact, experimental results stated that prediction accuracy can be achieved at 97.28% on average across variant subjects.Index Terms-ECG, heart rate variability, kernel fuzzy c-means, PPG, pulse rate variability, respiratory rates, wavelet packet transforms.
Abstract-We describe and demonstrate a modular microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based optical cross-connect (OXC) architecture. The OXC port count increases modularly by adding new optical modules, and a maximum cross-connectivity of 350 350 can be achieved in the current design. Each optical module has 16 ports with closed-loop servo-controlled MEMS mirrors. Using a prototype OXC system, mounted in a standard telecommunications equipment bay comprising optical modules, folding mirrors, and other optical elements, we demonstrate switching times of less than 10 ms, excellent optical power stability of less than 0.15-dB variation, and immunity to stochastic vibrations. An automatic power peak-up process is performed when the power falls below 0.5 dB off the maximum coupled power for any connection.Index Terms-Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), modular switching, optical cross-connect (OXC), optical fiber communications, optical switching.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.