In this study, a total of 228 raw meat samples (pork: 76, beef: 76, chicken: 76) and 301 raw seafood samples (fish: 199, shrimp: 67, squid: 35) were collected randomly at traditional markets in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). In meat, the ratio of Salmonella spp. was 70.61% (161/228). Among the contaminated meat samples, pork was infected with a ratio of 90.79 % (69/76) while the contamination ratios in beef and chicken were 43.42% (33/76) and 77.63% (59/76), respectively. Salmonella contamination was detected in fish (40.20%), shrimp (7.46%) and squid (17.14%). Because of sulfonamide group is used in Salmonella treatment, the study focused on sulfonamide resistance. In fresh seafood comparison, there were 32.56%, 40% and 10% Salmonella showing resistance to sulfamethoxazol in fish, squid and shrimp, respectively. In fresh meat comparison, there were 31.58%, 16.67% and 55.56% Salmonella showing resistance to sulfamethoxazol in pork, beef and chicken, respectively. Interestingly, there were 21 serovars including 19 identified serovars including S. Kentucky (8), S. Agona (2), S. Infanis (4), S. Saintpaul (1), S. Indiana (1), S. Braenderup (1), S. Potsman (2) and 2 unidentified serovars showing different phenotype to this antibiotic. Among the 21 serovars, only 23.81% strains carried both genes (sul1, sul2). For the sul1 gene, 61.9% strains were presented while sul2 occupied at a lower rate than sul1 with the rate of 52.38%. The study is very interesting and useful to go more functional analysis in sulfonamide resistance.
This study examines the chemical and microbiological changes and the sensory attributes of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) when stored at the temperature of 0 ºC. Sodium propionate and sodium lactate were used to treat shrimps before storage. Vacuum packaging was also carefully investigated. Throughout storage, the quality indicates including TVB-N, TMA-N, histamine, quality index (QI) and total viable count (TVC) were used to evaluate the quality changes of shrimp. The results show that though with different rates, the increase in quality indicators caused the decrease in the quality of shrimp during storage. The quality of shrimps treated with salts of organic acids or those packed in the vacuum bags was significantly higher than that of the control. In particular, the shelf-life of the sample packed in the vacuum packages was twelve days, which was four days longer than that of the control.
Possibilistic Fuzzy c-means (PFCM) algorithm is a powerful clustering algorithm. It is a combination of two algorithms Fuzzy c-means (FCM) and Possibilistic c-means (PCM). PFCM algorithm deals with the weaknesses of FCM in handling noise sensitivity and the weaknesses of PCM in the case of coincidence clusters. However, PFCM still has a common weakness of clustering algorithms that is easy to fall into local optimization. Cuckoo search (CS) is a novel evolutionary algorithm, which has been tested on some optimization problems and proved to be stable and high-efficiency. In this study, we propose a hybrid method encompassing PFCM and improved Cuckoo search to form the proposed PFCM-ICS. The proposed method has been evaluated on 4 data sets issued from the UCI Machine Learning Repository and compared with recent clustering algorithms such as FCM, PFCM, PFCM based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), PFCM based on CS. Experimental results show that the proposed method gives better clustering quality and higher accuracy than other algorithms.
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