Abstract. By juxtaposing Friel's pieces "The Visitation," "Foundry House," and Aristocrats for a genealogy study, I will argue that their 'nearly identical' theme actually ramifies in different contexts: "The Visitation" and "Foundry House" respectively capture the reactions from both sides of the Atlantic to John Fitzgerald Kennedy's winning the American presidential election in 1961 and portray how such an unprecedented victory of a Catholic Irish immigrant shapes the identity formation among the Irish people as well as the Irish American community, while Aristocrats is not a direct response to an outside event but an overdue inward look, a close examination of the domestic situation in the 1970s Republic. In this way, Friel's three works outline the trajectory of an Irish identity pursuit ranging from external affiliation to internal reconstruction.Key Words. Brian Friel, "The Visitation", "Foundry House", Aristocrats, Irish-Americans, homecoming, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, historical and audience contexts, Irish identity.Resumen. Las obras de Friel "The Visitation", "Foundry House", y Aristocrats se yuxtapondrán y someterán a un estudio genealógico que revelará que su 'quasi idéntica' temática en realidad se ramifica en contextos diversos: "The Visitation" y "Foundry House" captan respectivamente las reacciones en ambos lados del Atlántico ante la elección de John Fitzgerald Kennedy como presidente en las elecciones americanas de 1961, al tiempo que muestran como la inaudita victoria de un inmigrante irlandés católico influencia la formación identitaria del pueblo irlandés y de la comunidad irlandesa-americana. Por otra parte, Aristocrats no supone una respuesta directa a un acontecimiento externo, sino una tardía introspección, un examen profundo de la situación doméstica de la República en la década de los 70. De esta manera, las tres obras de Friel trazan la trayectoria de una búsqueda de identidad irlandesa que va de la afiliación externa a la reconstrucción interna.Palabras clave. Brian Friel, "The Visitation", "Foundry House", Aristocrats, irlandeses-americanos, retorno, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, contextos históricos y particulares, identidad irlandesa.The relationship of Brian Friel's short stories and plays has long ceased to be a fresh topic as many critics have categorized it as one of continuation and development due to their similar themes and concerns. Such a tendency in Friel criticism can be seen in the discussion of "Foundry House" and Aristocrats, the prime example of Friel's short stories and plays in which there is a consensus of opinion that the ongoing theme of homecoming and disillusion arrays the two works in a homogenous, linear line. As one critic claims, "Aristocrats casts its net much more widely, to explore at greater length issues which can only be hinted at in the more constricted from of the short story"
Since its debut in 1980, Translations has been read as a play about Ireland's historical transformation from a predominantly Gaelic nation to an Anglicized one in the midnineteenth century. Such a conventional approach to Translations, however, is limited, for the emphasis on the drastic change in Irish society overlooks the underlying coexistence of English and Irish cultures in the play. Translations depicts not only a dying Gaelic civilization under English cultural colonization but also a hybridized Ireland and adulterated people in the transitional time. Colonial Ireland is actually inscribed in a dual state, for the Irish names, schools, and language still persist despite the sweeping Anglicization, and the Irish people are also stuck in an irresoluble dilemma their hybridity poses to them. As typical to colonial situation, their hybridity speaks more to the differences and contradictions than similarities and connections between two cultures and peoples. Unable to strip off their double cultural holdings or negotiate the two oppositional traditions, the characters cannot come to terms with their adulterated selves. As a result, they are condemned to an irreconcilable struggle in an eternal borderland. In this sense, colonization has made hybridity inevitable and dead-end at the same time. 2 As a play set in 1833 Ballybeg, Translations dramatizes the transformation brought by the Ordnance Survey and National School System, which precipitate an irrevocable Anglicization process in traditional Irish society. Subject to the map-making project, Ballybeg is surveyed and renamed by English soldiers-its official place names are changed from Irish into English. Such a cultural deprivation is deepened by the National School System-Hugh's hedge school will be supplanted by the new national school, in which English will replace Irish as the language of instruction. Ballybeg, the microcosm of Ireland, is thus faced with a radical change. The imminent danger of losing one's own language, culture, and tradition plunges Ireland into an unprecedented identity crisis. Given the thematic importance of the enforced social transition in the play, it is not The Dilemma of Colonial Hybridity in Brian Friel's Translations Études irlandaises, 35-1 | 2010
In order to reduce the noise sensitivity of the SAR (synthetic aperture radar) image registration, a image registration algorithm which basing on the ratio mutual information (RatioMI) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the ratio images of the reference image and the floating image are gotten by using the ratio operator, and then take the two ratio images as a similar characteristic quantity to construct the similarity measure function which was used in the optimization process of the image registration experiment. The experimental results of the SAR image registration show that the new registration algorithm which based on the RatioMI is effectively in avoiding the local maxima point problems causing by speckle noise.
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