Water serves as an inert environment for the dispersion and application of many kinds of herbicides. Viologen compounds, a type of widely used but highly toxic herbicide, are stable in bulk water, whose half-life can be up to 23 weeks in natural water, imposing a severe health risk to mammals. In this study, we present the striking results of the spontaneous and ultrafast reduction-induced degradation of three viologen compounds in water microdroplets and provide the concentration, time, temperature dependence, mechanism, and scale-up of the reactions. We postulate that the electrons existing at the air−water interface of the microdroplets due to the unique redox potential therein initiate the reduction, from which further degradation occurs. The host−guest complexation between cucurbit[7]uril and viologens only slightly changes the redox potential of viologens in the bulk but completely inhibits the reactions in microdroplets, adding to the uniqueness of the redox potentials at the air−water interfaces of microdroplets. Taken together, microdroplets might have been functioning as naturally occurring ubiquitous tiny electrochemical cells for a plethora of unique redox reactions that were thought to be impossible in the bulk water.

Significance Water microdroplets can accelerate chemical reactions by orders of magnitude compared to the same reactions in bulk water and/or trigger spontaneous reactions that do not occur in bulk solution. Among the properties of water microdroplets, the unique redox ability resulting from the spontaneous dissociation of OH − into a released electron and •OH at the air–water interfaces is especially intriguing. At the air–water interface, OH − exhibits a strong reducing potential, and the resulting •OH is highly oxidative, making water microdroplets a unity of opposites. We report the reduction of pyridine into pyridyl anions (C 5 H 5 N − ) and the oxidation of pyridine into hydroxypyridine, which extends what we know about the redox power of water microdroplets.

A pH, glucose, and dopamine triple-responsive, self-healable and adhesive polyethylene glycol hydrogel was developed via the formation of phenylborate–catechol complexation.