Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, the main purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify gender-related differences in the levels of and the interrelations among attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention using multi-group structural equations modeling in which the dimensions of these constructs were disentangled and treated as latent variables that were indirectly inferred from multiple indicators. The sample of the study consisted of 441 Greek tertiary education undergraduate information technology students. The results showed that attitude consists of two components-one instrumental and one affective; perceived behavioral control is comprised of two factors-perceived self-efficacy and perceived controllability; and entrepreneurial intention is best represented by three factors-choice intention, commitment to entrepreneurship, and nascent entrepreneurship. The findings indicated further that affective attitude and perceived self-efficacy are by far the strongest predictors of intention, thus highlighting the role of emotions in the entrepreneurial process. Our work revealed also that the relationship between commitment to entrepreneurship and nascent entrepreneurship is stronger in men than in women. Conceiving nascent entrepreneurship as a proxy for entrepreneurial behavior, this finding implies that gender is a moderator of the entrepreneurial intention-action translation. Despite its limitations, this study makes some important contributions and implications to the literature of entrepreneurship. These and future research suggestions are also discussed.

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This contribution presents the major aspects of the pharmaceutical market in Greece. Total expenditure on pharmaceuticals rose from euro 1.22 billion in 1995 to euro 1.85 billion in 2000. The rise in pharmaceutical expenditure is expected to continue due to factors determining demand (e.g., aging population) and deficiencies in public policy. The latter is related to the pricing and reimbursement of medicinal products. Regarding pricing, the lowest ex-factory price in the EU is applied de facto to imported products but for domestically produced/packaged products is the upper limit. The pharmaceutical market in Greece has a trade deficit, which exceeded euro 953 million in 2000. Finally, parallel trade has received increased attention. The consequences are twofold: shortages in Greek pharmacies and delays in launching new and more effective drugs. The latter is the result of a defensive strategy followed by major companies to minimize the effects of this activity.

The assets of the hedge fund industry are nearly equivalent to the GDP of the UK. The industry, which claims returns independent of markets conditions and has been blamed for economic crises, has attracted the interest of a wide range of financial and political players and academics. This paper, using monthly series performance data since January 1995, at a fund strategy level and S&P500, and a holistic and a developed dynamic correlation quantitative approach, aims to challenge the allegations and the claims, which have been made on rather incomplete research grounds. Statistically, the results strongly reject the claims of the vast majority of fund strategies, excluding the case of the macro and short strategies, over the crisis periods, suggesting that they cannot protect their investors like S&P500. Regarding the allegations, it is inferred that Hedge Funds are used in most cases as a scapegoat rather than actually being the cause of the crises.