Despite recent advances in understanding molecular mechanisms involved in glioblastoma progression, the prognosis of the most malignant brain tumor continues to be dismal. Because the flavonoid kaempferol is known to suppress growth of a number of human malignancies, we investigated the effect of kaempferol on human glioblastoma cells. Kaempferol induced apoptosis in glioma cells by elevating intracellular oxidative stress. Heightened oxidative stress was characterized by an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by a decrease in oxidant-scavenging agents such as superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and thioredoxin (TRX-1). Knockdown of SOD-1 and TRX-1 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased ROS generation and sensitivity of glioma cells to kaempferol-induced apoptosis. Signs of apoptosis included decreased expression of Bcl-2 and altered mitochondrial membrane potential with elevated active caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase expression. Plasma membrane potential and membrane fluidity were altered in kaempferol-treated cells. Kaempferol suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and chemokines interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted. Kaempferol inhibited glioma cell migration in a ROS-dependent manner. Importantly, kaempferol potentiated the toxic effect of chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin by amplifying ROS toxicity and decreasing the efflux of doxorubicin. Because the toxic effect of both kaempferol and doxorubicin was amplified when used in combination, this study raises the possibility of combinatorial therapy whose basis constitutes enhancing redox perturbation as a strategy to kill glioma cells. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(9):2544 -53]

Background & Aims Cumulating evidence underlines the crucial role of aberrant lipogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we investigated the oncogenic potential of fatty acid synthase (FASN), the master regulator of de novo lipogenesis, in the mouse liver. Methods FASN was overexpressed in the mouse liver, either alone or in combination with activated N-Ras, c-Met, or SCD1, via hydrodynamic injection. Activated AKT was overexpressed via hydrodynamic injection in livers of conditional FASN or Rictor knockout mice. FASN was suppressed in human hepatoma cell lines via specific small interfering RNA. Results Overexpression of FASN, either alone or in combination with other genes associated with hepatocarcinogenesis, did not induce histological liver alterations. In contrast, genetic ablation of FASN resulted in the complete inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis in AKT-overexpressing mice. In human HCC cell lines, FASN inactivation led to a decline in cell proliferation and a rise in apoptosis, which were paralleled by a decrease in the levels of phosphorylated/activated AKT, an event controlled by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). Downregulation of AKT phosphorylation/activation following FASN inactivation was associated with strong inhibition of rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor), the major component of mTORC2, at post-transcriptional level. Finally, genetic ablation of Rictor impaired AKT-driven hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Conclusions FASN is not oncogenic per se in the mouse liver, but is necessary for AKT-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. Pharmacological blockade of FASN might be highly useful in the treatment of human HCC characterized by activation of the AKT pathway.

In aged humans, stroke is a major cause of disability for which no neuroprotective measures are available. In animal studies of focal ischemia, short-term hypothermia often reduces infarct size. Nevertheless, efficient neuroprotection requires long-term, regulated lowering of whole-body temperature. Previously, we reported that post-stroke exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) effectively lowers whole-body temperature and confers neuroprotection in aged animals. In the present study using magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram recording, DNA arrays, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence, we characterized the central nervous system response to H2S-induced hypothermia and report, for the first time, that annexin A1, a major pro-inflammatory protein that is upregulated after stroke, was consistently downregulated in polymorphonuclear cells in the peri-lesional cortex of post-ischemic, aged rat brain after 48 hours of hypothermia induced by exposure to H2S. Our data suggest that long-term hypothermia may be a viable clinical approach to protecting the aged brain from cerebral injury. Our findings further suggest that, in contrast to monotherapies that have thus far uniformly failed in clinical practice, hypothermia has pleiotropic effects on brain physiology that may be necessary for effective protection of the brain after stroke.

The present study identified a novel mechanism of induction of apoptosis in glioblastoma cells by scriptaid – a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Scriptaid reduced glioma cell viability by increasing Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Although scriptaid induced activation of both p38MAPK and JNK, it was the inhibition of JNK that attenuated scriptaid-induced apoptosis significantly. Scriptaid also increased the expression of (i) p21 and p27 involved in cell-cycle regulation and (ii) γH2AX associated with DNA damage response in a JNK-dependent manner. Treatment with scriptaid increased Ras activity in glioma cells, and transfection of cells with constitutively active RasV12 further sensitized glioma cells to scriptaid-induced apoptosis. Scriptaid also inhibited telomerase activity independent of JNK. Taken together, our findings indicate that scriptaid (i) induces apoptosis and reduces glioma cell proliferation by elevating JNK activation and (ii) also decreases telomerase activity in a JNK-independent manner.

Resistance to tumor necrosis factor (TNFa)-induced apoptosis in various cancer cells has been attributed to the activation of the transcription factor NF-jB. Ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3[2H]one)-a selenoorganic compound is known to prevent TNFa-mediated NF-jB activity. As glioblastoma are resistant to the cytotoxic effect of TNFa, we investigated the potential of Ebselen in sensitizing glioma cells to TNFa-induced apoptosis. Although treatment with Ebselen reduced viability of glioma cells, cotreatment with TNFa enhanced apoptosis further through alteration of TNFa-mediated signaling pathways. Sensitization of TNFa activated glioma cells to apoptosis by Ebselen involved 2 pathways: (i) abrogation of TNFa induced NF-jB activation and (ii) induction of Fas-associated death inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation. Ebselen inhibited the prosurvival pathway mediated by NF-jB by altering the association of TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2) with TNFa receptor associated death domain (TRADD) in the TNFR1-TRADD-TRAF2 complex -an interaction crucial for mediating NF-jB activity. Ebselen also induced the formation of DISC involving Fas, Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and active caspase 8 to transduce apoptotic signals in situations where NF-jB function was inhibited. Cotreatment with Ebselen and TNFa induced G2/M phase arrest in cell cycle and modulated the expression of molecules involved in cell cycle progression. These results raise the possibility of overcoming resistance to TNFa-induced apoptosis by cotreatment with organoselenium Ebselen as a strategy to kill glioma cells.

Polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) induced apoptosis in glioma cells by elevating oxidative stress through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Signs of apoptosis included altered mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated expression of caspase-3 and cytochrome c. The increase in ROS was concomitant with the decrease in expression of thioredoxin (TRX-1) and ceruloplasmin (CP), mediators associated with protection against oxidative stress. EGCG downregulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and chemokines IL-8, monocyte-chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and RANTES. EGCG also decreased the invasive potential of gliomas, possibly by affecting the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and cytoskeletal architecture. Our study indicates that EGCG might serve as an effective therapeutic strategy against glioma as it not only promotes cell death through redox perturbation, but also downregulates the release of proinflammatory mediators while concomitantly decreasing the invasive potential of glioma cells.

Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) suffer from an increased incidence of vascular thrombotic events. However, key influencing factors of the primary hemostasis have not been characterized in GBM patients to date. Thus, the present study determines the activation level of circulating platelets in GBM patients, in-vitro reactivity to agonist-induced platelet stimulation and the formation of circulating platelet-leucocyte conjugates as well as the plasma levels of the proinflammatory lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). The endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) was determined as global marker for hemostasis.The 21 GBM patients and 21 gender and age matched healthy individuals enrolled in this study did not differ in mean total platelet count. Basal surface expression of platelet CD63 determined by flow cytometry was significantly increased in GBM patients compared to controls as was observed for the concentration of soluble P-selectin in the plasma of GBM patients. While the ETP was not affected, the immunomodulatory lipid S1P was significantly decreased in peripheral blood in GBM. Interestingly, monocyte expression of PSGL-1 (CD162) was decreased in GBM patient blood, possibly explaining the rather decreased formation of platelet-monocyte conjugates.Our study reveals an increased CD63 expression and P-selectin expression/ secretion of circulating platelets in GBM patients. In parallel a down-modulated PSGL-1 expression in circulating monocytes and a trend towards a decreased formation of heterotypic platelet-monocyte conjugates in GBM patients was seen. Whether this and the observed decreased plasma level of the immunomodulatory S1P reflects a systemic anti-inflammatory status needs to be addressed in future studies.

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